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The  Insect  Fauna  of  the 
Genus  Crataegus 


'** 


A  THESIS 

PRESENTED  TO  THE  FACULTY  OF    THE    GRADUATE    SCHOOL    OF 

CORNELL  UNIVERSITY  FOR  THE  DEGREE  OF 

DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY 


BY 


WALTER  HOUSLEY  iWELLHOUSE 


Reprinted  from  Cornell  University  Agricultural  Experiment  Station 

Memoir  56 
Ithaca,  N.  Y.  June  1922. 


The  Insect  Fauna  of  the 
Genus  Crataegus 


A  THESIS 

PRESENTED  TO  THE  FACULTY  OF    THE    GRADUATE    SCHOOL    OF 

CORNELL  UNIVERSITY  FOR  THE  DEGREE  OF 

DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY 


BY 

WALTER  HOUSLEY  WELLHOUSE 


Reprinted  from  Cornell  University  Agricultural  Experiment  Station 

Memoir  56 
Ithaca,  N.  Y.  June  1922. 


•;••".•• •*•„ 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

The  genus  Crataegus 1046 

Ecological  summary , 1047 

The  relation  of  Crataegus  insects  to  apple,  pear,  and  quince 1050 

Biological  notes  on  insects  feeding  on  Crataegus,  as  observed  by  the  writer  from  1917 

to  1920 1051 

Acarina 1051 

Tetranychidae : 1051 

Eriophyidae 1052 

Orthoptera 1054 

Acridiidae 1054 

Hemiptera .  1054 

Miridae  (Capsidae) 1054 

Tingitidae 1056 

Cicadellidae  (Jassidae) 1061 

Membracidae 1063 

Aphididae ". 1063 

Coccidae 1065 

Thysanoptera 1066 

Thrypidae 1066 

Coleoptera 1066 

Elateridae 1066 

Buprestidae 4 1066 

Scarabaeidae '. 1066 

Chrysomelidae 1067 

Curculionidae 1068 

Lepidoptera 1072 

Papilionidae 1072 

Saturniidae 1073 

Arctiidae ' 1073 

Noctuidae 1073 

Notodontidae 1074 

Lymantriidae 1075 

Lasiocampidae . . . .' 1075 

Geometridae 1076 

Sesiidae  (Aegeriidae) 1076 

Pyralidae 1077 

Tortricidae 1077 

Yponomeutidae 1078 

Elachistidae 1079 

Lyonetiidae ,  . : : 1079 

Ccsmopterygidae 1080 

Diptera 1080 

Cecidomyiidae  (Itonididae) 1080 

Trypetidae : 1085 

Hymenoptera 1086 

Tenthredinidae 

1041 


rr 


5077C1 


:/;:  : 

; 

1042  CONTENTS 


PAGE 

Literature  cited • 1088 

Catalog  of  insects  injurious  to  Crataegus 1090 

Acarina 1090 

Orthoptera 1091 

Odonata 

Hemiptera ^ 1091 

Thysanoptera 1100 

Coleoptera : .  . .  .  1100 

Lepidoptera 1108 

Diptera 1129 

Hymenoptera 1131 

Index  of  genera  and  species 1133 


THE  INSECT  FAUNA  OF  THE  GENUS  CRATAEGUS 


THE  INSECT  FAUNA  OF  THE  GENUS  CRATAEGUS 
WALTER  H.  WELLHOUSE 

This  paper  is  submitted  as  a  result  of  three  years  of  study  of  the  insects 
that  feed  on  the  plants  belonging  to  the  genus  Crataegus.  The  writer's 
object  at  the  time  when  the  work  was  undertaken  was  primarily  to  learn, 
by  collecting  and  rearing,  what  insects  occur  on  the  trees  of  this  genus  in 
central  New  York.  As  the  interest  in  the  work  increased,  it  was  decided 
to  widen  the  field  and  make  the  list  more  complete  by  including  the  insects 
that  other  workers  have  found  to  be  eaters  of  Crataegus. 

There  are  three  older  lists  of  insects  feeding  on  Crataegus  which  have 
been  helpful  in  the  preparation  of  the  present  catalog.  Kaltenbach 
(1872)  1  gives  a  list  of  104  European  species,  Packard  (1890)  gives  46 
American  species,  and  Felt  (1906)  gives  28  American  species.  With  the  ex- 
ception of  these  three  lists,  the  material  included  in  this  paper  is  gathered 
from  widely  scattered  references  and  from  the  writer's  observations.  Since 
food-plant  indices  are  very  commonly  omitted  from  entomological  writings, 
it  is  difficult  to  get  a  list  of  all  the  insects  that  feed  on  a  plant.  Such  a 
list  can  be  obtained  only  by  scanning  the  pages  of  a  multitude  of  papers 
containing  biological  notes  on  all  orders  of  insects.  Much  of  that  kind  of 
work  has  been  done  in  the  preparation  of  this  catalog,  but,  since  it  has 
not  been  possible  to  see  all  papers  that  might  contain  accounts  of  insects 
feeding  on  Crataegus,  the  writer  does  not  claim  that  his  list  is  complete. 

The  catalog  contains  382  species,  representing  9  orders  and  55  families. 
They  are  distributed  as  follows: 

Acarina,  10  species:  Thysanoptera,  1  species: 

Eriophyidae 7              Thrypidae 1 

Phyllocoptidae 1  Coleoptera,  74  species: 

Tetranychidae 2               Elateridae 3 , 

Orthoptera,  4  species:                                                    Buprestidae 6 

Gryllidae 1               Scarabaeidae 4 

Acridiidae „ 3              Cerambycidae 5 

Odonata,  1  species :                                                          Chrysomelidae 12 

Agrionidae 1               Curculionidae 40 

Hemiptera    (including  Homoptera),   84                      Ipidae  (Scolytidae) 2 

species:                                                                           Anthribidae 1 

Miridae  (Capsidae) .  . 12              Dermestidae 1 

Tingitidae 4  Lepidoptera,  184  species: 

Membracidae 4              Papilionidae 2 

Cicadellidae  (Jassidae) 18              Nymphalidae 2 

Psyllidae  <Chermidae) 7              Pieridae 1 

Aphididae 22              Lycaenidae 3 

Coccidae 17               Sphingidae 3 

in  parenthesis  refer  to  Literature  Cited,  page  1083. 

1045 


1046  WALTER  H.  WELLHOUSE 

Lepidoptera  (continued) :  Lepidoptera  (continued) : 

Saturniidae 3              Yponomeutidae 7 

Arctiidae 3              Gelechiidae 6 

Noctuidae 27               Elachistidae 5 

Notodontidae 6              Gracilariidae 12 

Lymantriidae 7              Glyphipterygidae 2 

Lasiocampidae 10              Nepticulidae 11 

Geometridae 27               Cosmopterygidae 2 

Drepanidae 1               Lyonetiidae 4 

NoJidae 1  Diptera,  16  species: 

Psychidae 1               Cecidomyiidae  (Itonididae) 15 

Limacodidae 1              Trypetidae 1 

Cossidae 1  Hymenoptera,  8  species : 

Sesiidae  (Aegeriidae) 3              Tenthredinidae 7 

Pyralidae 3              Chalcididae 1 

Tortricidae 30 

The  catalog  includes  insects  that  have  been  taken  on  the  Crataegus  trees 
in  five  continents.  The  number  of  species  reported  from  each  continent  is 
as  follows:  North  America,  213  species;  Europe,  203;  Asia,  88;  Africa,  11; 
Australia,  8.  All  but  45  of  the  North  American  species  are  believed 
to  be  cttstinct  from  those  of  the  Old  World.  A  single  Australian  species 
is  distinct  from  those  of  other  continents.  The  insects  recorded  from 
Asia  and  Africa  are  found  also  in  Europe. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  mites,  which  have  similar  habits,  are  included 
with  the  insects  in  this  paper. 

Some  helpful  references  to  entomological  notes  concerning  each  species 
have  been  included  in  the  catalog,  which  is  intended  as  an  aid  to  other 
workers  who  are  investigating  the  insects  of  our  deciduous  fruit  trees 
and  related  plants. 

Grateful  acknowledgment  is  made  to  Professors  Glenn  W.  Herrick  and 
James  G.  Needham,  of  the  Department  of  Entomology  at  Cornell  Uni- 
versity, under  whose  direction  the  work  was  done  and  whose  kindly  criti- 
cisms and  suggestions  are  appreciated;  also  to  Dr.  W.  T.  M.  Forbes, 
•Dr.  Edith  M.  Patch,  Chas.  W.  Leng,  Dr.  P.  B.  Lawson,  Professor  Z.  P. 
Metcalf,  Dr.  H.  H.  Knight,  Professor  Carl  J.  Drake,  Dr.  E.  P.  Felt, 
and  Henry  Dietrich,  who  have  kindly  aided  in  the  determination  of 
species;  to  Dr.  K.  M.  Wiegand,  who  has  kindly  aided  in  the  determina- 
tion of  species  of  Crataegus;  and  to  Miss  Lela  G.  Gross  for  able  editorial 
assistance. 

THE  GENUS  CRATAEGUS 

Crataegus  is  the  name  of  a  group  of  trees  and  shrubs  commonly  known 
by  their  sharp  thorns,  white  flowers  (pink  or  red  in  a  few  cultivated 
varieties)  in  May,  and  red  or  yellowish  fruit  like  minature  apples  in 
autumn.  It  is  an  ancient  Greek  name  derived  from  kratos  (strength), 
and  was  applied  to  the  plants  of  this  genus  because  of  the  hardness  and 
durability  of  the  wood. 


THE  INSECT  FAUNA  OF  THE  GENUS  CRATAEGUS  1047 

Among  the  popular  names  by  which  the  genus  is  known  most  commonly 
are  the  following:  hawthorn,  thorn  apple,  red  haw,  white  thorn,  and  thorn, 
in  America;  hawthorn  and  may,  in  England;  aubepine,  in  France  (snellier, 
by  French  Canadians);  Weissdorn,  in  Germany;  spinalba,  in  Italy.  As 
the  name  hawthorn  seems  to  be  the  one  most  commonly  used  by  English- 
speaking  peoples,  the  writer  has  used  it  in  this  paper  to  represent  all 
species  of  Crataegus. 

The  genus  is  placed  by  many  botanists  in  the  family  Rosaceae.  Other 
botanists  have  divided  the  Rosaceae  group  and  formed  an  apple  family, 
Malaceae,  in  which  Crataegus  is  included  along  with  Malus,  Pyrus, 
Cydonia,  Mespilus,  Sorbus,  Amelanchier,  Aronia,  and  Eriobotrya. 

The  determination  of  species  of  Crataegus  is  as  great  a  taxonomic 
problem  to  botanists  as  the  determination  of  the  parasitic  Hymenoptera 
is  to  entomologists.  During  the  first  ten  years  of  this  century  about 
one  thousand  species  of  Crataegus  were  described  in  North  America. 
Many  of  them  are  now  regarded  as  hybrids  and  varieties,  and  a  still 
further  reduction  of  species  is  in  progress.  This  taxonomic  uncertainty 
makes  it  impossible  in  many  cases  to  recognize  specific  hosts  for  the 
insects  that  feed  on  the  hawthorns. 

Crataegus  is  distributed  over  most  of  the  temperate  parts  of  the  North- 
ern Hemisphere.  The  genus  is  not  indigenous  in  the  Southern  Hemis- 
phere except  in  America,  where  it  follows  the  unbroken  mountain  chain 
through  the  Tropics  and  grows  in  the  Andes  Mountains.  It  is  found  as 
far  north  as  Newfoundland,  Norway,  and  Sweden,  and  extends  south- 
ward to  the  Mediterranean  borders  of  Africa  and  Asia  Minor.  The 
European  species  have  been  introduced  into  Australia  and  other  European 
colonies  in  the  Southern  Hemisphere  for  cultivation. 

Most  species  of  hawthorns  seem  to  thrive  in  any  well-drained  soil 
which  is  not  acid  and  where  rainfall  is  sufficient  for  the  growth  of 
forest  trees,  while  a  few  species  thrive  in  acid  soils  also.  They  are  usu- 
ally long-lived  trees,  and  individuals  one  hundred  years  old  are  not 
uncommon. 

Distribution  is  effected  largely  by  means  of  birds  and  mammals,  which 
eat  the  ripe  fruits  and  carry  the  seeds  in  their  digestive  tracts  to  other 
communities.  Within  the  same  community,  thickets  are  commonly 
formed  from  the  new  stems  which  grow  from  the  roots  of  a  single  tree. 
Wherever  the  roots  become  exposed  to  light,  as  by  washing  on  hillsides, 
a  new  stem  may  grow  and  a  tree  be  formed  from  it. 

ECOLOGICAL  SUMMARY 

The  ecological  relations  of  the  hawthorns  to  their  insect  fauna  may  be 
summarized  in  a  general  way  very  briefly.  The  two  basic  needs  of  an 
insect  which  it  is  possible  for  a  host  plant  to  supply  are  food  and  shelter. 
The  hawthorns  furnish  both  food  and  shelter. 


1048  WALTER  H.  WELLHOUSE 

They  furnish  food  for  nearly  all  of  the  insects  studied.  A  few  excep- 
tions, such  as  the  snowy  tree  cricket  (Oecanthus  niveus)  and  th^  damsel 
fly  Lestes  viridis,  procure  their  food  elsewhere  and  use  the  hawthorn 
branches  merely  to  shelter  their  eggs  from  the  weather  and  their  enemies. 
Every  part  of  the  tree  furnishes  food  for  some  species  of  insect,  as  may  be 
seen  from  the  following  outline: 

Trunk  and  branches 40  species 

A.  External  feeders  (scales,  aphids,  and  ethers),  10 

B.  hiternal  feeders  (borers),  21 

Roots  (aphids) 1 

Thorns  (weevils) 1 

Leaves : 292 

A.  External  feeders  (miscellaneous),  235 

B.  Miners  (tineids,  weevils,  sawflies),  37 

C.  Gall  makers  (aphids,  mites,  cecidomyiids),  20 

Flowers  (thrips,  maggots,  caterpillars,  beetles,  and  others) 12 

Fruit  (caterpillars,  bugs,  maggots,  grubs) 30 

The  other  basic  need  of  insects  which  a  host  plant  may  supply  is 
shelter.  Most  of  the  insects  included  in  this  paper  are  sheltered  to  some 
extent  by  the  hawthorn,  although  the  completeness  of  the  shelter  varies 
with  the  habits  of  each  species  of  insect.  Some  are  protected, only  by  their 
position  on  the  surface  of  the  tree.  Others  are  partially  sheltered  in  rolled 
leaves,  bark  crevices,  and  the  like.  Still  others  are  securely  housed  within 
the  plant  tissues.  The  degree  of  shelter  secured  by  those  species  living 
externally  on  the  surface  of  the  plant  varies  so  greatly  and  so  gradually 
that  no  distinct  lines  of  division  can  be  drawn  in  so  general  a  statement  as 
this.  The  more  distinct  groups  of  internal  feeders  (borers,  leaf  miners, 
and  gall  makers)  are  indicated  above  and  are  distinguished  from  the 
external  feeders,  which  receive  less  complete  shelter. 

The  fact  that  so  many  species  of  insects  feed  at  the  expense  of  the  haw- 
thorns suggests  the  idea  that  these  trees  are  in  danger  of  extinction.  Such 
is  not  the  case,  however,  for  the  hawthorns  when  not  weakened  by  drought 
or  flood  are  very  hardy,  long-lived  trees.  Some  indications  as  to  why  they  so 
successfully  withstand  the  feeding  of  the  insects  may  be  seen  from  a  study  of 
the  following  data,  which  are  based  on  statistics  given  in  the  last  sections  of 
this  paper: 

APPROXIMATE  FEEDING  PERIOD  OF  HAWTHORV  INSECTS 

Species  Species 

March 11  August .117 

April • 54  September 124 

May 190  October.  . '. 80 

June 232  November 23 

July 131  Time  of  feeding  unknown 58 

FOOD  PLANTS  OF  HAWTHORN  INSECTS 

Food  plants  restricted  to  Crataegus : 57  species 

Food  plants  including  other  related  or  associated  groups 325  species 


THE  INSECT  FAUNA  OF  THE  GENUS  CRATAEGUS  1049 

It  will  be  noticed  that  there  is  a  direct  correspondence  between  the  time 
of  feeding  of  the  insects  and  the  time  of  growth  of  the  trees.  The  greatest 
number  of  species  feed  during  May  and  June,  when  the  trees  make  their 
greatest  growth.  The  number  decreases  slightly  during  July  and  August, 
at  the  time  when  droughts  frequently  check  tree  growth,  and  then  it 
increases  slightly  in  September,  at  the  time  when  fall  rains  often  cause  a 
new  growth.  This  relationship  between  the  period  of  growth  and  the 
time  of  feeding  seems  to  be  one  of  Nature's  adjustments  for  maint  ining 
balance. 

The  fact  that  a  large  majority  of  the  insects  feed  on  other  host  plants 
also,  lessens  the  danger  of  destruction  of  the  hawthorns  and  is  another  of 
Nature's  provisions  for  maintaining  balance.  There  are,  of  course,  many 
other  factors  that  tend  to  lessen  the  insect  injury  to  the  trees,  such  as 
the  interrelations  of  the  insects  with  their  parasites  and  preyers,  but  so 
little  is  known  about  them  that  the  writer  makes  no  attempt  to  discuss 
them. 

A  host  of  bees,  flies,  and  beetles  visit  the  blossoms  in  quest  of  pollen  and 
nectar.  The  winter  buds  in  some  species  of  hawthorn  become  coated  with 
a  sticky  exudation,  which  attracts  insects  emerging  in  late  winter,  such 
as  the  stone  flies  and  the  chironomids.  These  transient  members  of  the 
Crataegus  fauna  have  been  omitted  from  consideration  in  this  paper. 
A  list  of  insects  that  visit  the  blossoms  is  given  by  Knuth  (1908). 

In  the  preparation  of  the  catalog  of  hawthorn  insects  it  became  noticeable 
that  some  of  the  species  which  have  more  than  one  host  plant  have  chosen 
only  closely  related  hosts,  such  as  the  apple,  the  pear,  or  the  medlar,  while 
many  others  have  chosen  their  hosts  from  plants  that  grow  in  the  same 
communities  regardless  of  close  botanical  relationship.  A  study  of  these 
combinations  of  hosts  and  the  habitats  in  which  they  grow  has  led  the 
writer  to  believe  that  the  hawthorns  are  members  of  at  least  five  different 
plant  communities,  which  may  be  described  as  follows: 

1.  Open  woods.     In  woodlands  where  the  growth  habit  of  the  taller  trees  permits  sunlight 
to  reach  the  ground  so  that  an  undergrowth  may  develop,  such  as  that  in  a  forest  of  oak, 
hickory,  and  elm,  Crataegas  is  commonly  found  along  with  Corylus,  Rhamnus,  Carpinus, 
Prunus  spinosa,  and  the  like. 

2.  Deforested  areas.       Where  a  shrubby  growth  has  sprung  up  after  the  destruction  of  a 
forest,  numerous  thorny  forms  such  as  Crataegus,  Rubus,  Berberis,  and  Prunus  spinosa 
are  frequently  found. 

3.  Grazing  lands.     Hillsides  or  valleys  where  the  soil  is  uncultivated  and  cattle  are  pastured 
are  frequently  dotted  with  Crataegus,  Rosa,  and  crab  apple,  which  because  of  their  thorns 
can  continue  to  thrive  and  outgrow  the  danger  of  being  eaten  by  the  cattle. 

4.  Stream  banks.     Just  back  of  the  willows  and  alders  on  moist  alluvial  soil  beside  streams, 
Crataegus  grows  to  its  greatest  size  and  is  associated  with  birch,  willow,  alder,  and  poplar. 

5.  Fence  rows.     Where  shrubs  are  allowed  to  grow  up  along  the  fences,  Prunus  virginiana, 
Crataegus,  wild  plum,  and  wild  cherry  are  frequently  found  closely  associated. 

In  each  of  these  five  communities  insects  will  be  found  which  feed  on 
the  various  plants  of  the  community.  For  example,  Psylla  mali  Schmid. 


1050  WALTER  H.  WELLHOUSE 

feeds  on  Crataegus,  Malus,  Sorbus,  Quercus,  Ulmus,  and  Corylus,  which 
may  all  be  found  in  the  open-woods  community,  as  may  the  host  plants 
of  the  flat-headed  apple-tree  borer,  Chrysobothris  femorata  Fabr.  On 
the  other  hand,  the  leaf  beetle,  Cryptocephalus  bipunctatus  Linn.,  feeds 
near  the  streams  on  such  plants  as  Salix,  Betula,  Crataegus,  and  Corylus, 
and  Agrilus  vittaticollis  Rand,  is  found  along  the  fence  rows  on  Crataegus, 
Prunus  virginiana,  and  Amelanchier.  No  very  distinct  lines  can  be 
drawn  between  the  members  of  these  communities,  since  many  of  the 
plants  and  insects  belong  to  more  than  one  community. 

THE  RELATION  OF  CRATAEGUS  INSECTS  TO  APPLE,  PEAR,  AND  QUINCE 

A  more  complete  knowledge  of  the  insects  that  feed  on  Crataegus  is  of 
considerable  importance  as  an  aid  in  the  control  of  insect  pests  of  the 
cultivated  commercial  fruits.  It  has  for  many  years,  since  the  days  of 
Walsh  and  Riley,  been  recognized  by  entomologists  as  the  original  native 
host  plant  of  a  number  of  important  insect  pests  which  now  attack  the 
apple,  the  pear,  and  the  quince  in  the  northeastern  section  of  the  United 
States.  In  all  probability  new  pests  must  be  expected  to  attack  the  culti- 
vated fruits  in  the  future  as  the  population  of  the  country  increases, 
since  as  a  consequence  less  uncultivated  land  will  remain  where  the  insects 
may  feed  undisturbed  on  their  natural  hosts. 

The  main  commercial  fruits  of  the  United  States,  such  as  the  apple,  the 
pear,  the  quince,  and  the  cherry,  are  natives  of  the  Old  World  and  have 
been  imported  by  man  into  America.  With  them  were  imported  a  number 
of  foreign  insects,  such  as  the  codling  moth,  the  bud  moth,  and  the  sinuate 
pear  borer,  which  continued  to  feed  on  them  in  this  country.  Many  of 
the  pests  now  destructive  to  these  fruits,  however,  are  native  to  North 
America  and  are  not  found  in  the  Old  World.  Before  the  extensive  plant- 
ing of  the  imported  fruits  these  insects  must  have  fed  on  native  plants. 
Among  the  most  numerous  of  the  native  plants  which  are  similar  to  the 
apple,  the  pear,  and  the  quince  are  those  of  the  genus  Crataegus,  and  the 
members  of  this  genus  are  widely  distributed  throughout  many  of  our 
commercial  fruit  districts. 

A  young  orchard  which  is  set  in  the  midst  of  hawthorns  may  be  ruined 
in  a  few  years  by  the  insects  that  migrate  to  it  from  the  surrounding  trees. 
Well-established  orchards  may  suffer  from  the  attacks  of  new  pests  when- 
ever there  is  a  failure  of  the  crop  of  wild  haws  or  a  clearing  of  the  land 
occupied  by  hawthorns  so  that  their  natural  guests  must  seek  other 
hosts. 

It  is  commonly  known  among  entomologists  that  the  apple  maggot, 
Rhagoletis  pomonella,  was  originally  a  hawthorn  insect  and  that  after  the 
apple  had  been  cultivated  in  North  America  for  many  years  this  insect 
selected  the  larger,  juicier  fruit  of  the  apple  for  its  home.  It  is  still  found 
in  the  haws  but  is  now  known  as  an  apple  pest. 


THE  INSECT  FAUNA  OF  THE  GENUS  CRATAEGUS  1051 

The  apple  redbug,  Heterocordylus  malinus,  is  another  hawthorn  insect 
which  has  adopted  the  apple.  It  was  formerly  believed  that  the  false 
apple  redbug,  Lygidea  mendax,  was  also  originally  a  hawthorn  insect, 
but  the  observations  of  Cushman  (1916),  as  well  as  those  of  the  writer, 
indicate  that  L.  mendax  is  a  wild-crab  insect  and  does  not  feed  extensively 
o.n  hawthorns. 

The  quince  curculio,  Conotrachelus  crataegi,  is  a  very  common  feeder 
in  haws  which  has  occasionally  injured  quinces  seriously  and  has  thus 
gained  its  common  name.  Likewise  the  lesser  apple  worm,  Laspeyresia 
prunivora,  has  gained  its  common  name  because  of  occasional  migrations 
from  hawthorn  to  apple. 

Baker  (1915:10)  considers  the  woolly  apple  aphis,  Eriosoma  lanigera, 
to  have  been  originally  an  elm-Crataegus  feeder  which  has  adopted  the 
apple  and  traveled  around  the  world  with  it.  The  woolly  aphis  is  undoubt- 
edly common  on  hawthorns. 

Numerous  other  native  American  insects  that  feed  on  apple,  pear,  or 
quince  are  included  in  the  catalog  of  hawthorn  feeders  beginning  on 
page  1090. 

The  possibility  that  foreign  hawthorn  insects  may  be  imported  and 
become  pests  in  North  America  should  also  be  considered.  When  intro- 
duced into  a  new  environment  away  from  their  natural  checks,  these  may 
become  more  important  here.  Recent  examples  of  this  are  three  small 
moths  imported  from  Europe  —  the  apple  and  thorn  leaf  skeletonizer, 
Simaethis  pariana;  the  hawthorn  ermine  moth,  Yponomeuta  padellus; 
and  the  lesser  bud  moth,  Recurvaria  nanella.  These  have  attracted 
the  attention  of  economic  entomologists  in  North  America  as  apple  and 
cherry  pests,  while  in  Europe  they  feed  commonly  on  hawthorns. 

Since  the  catalog  of  hawthorn  insects  included  in  this  memoir  lists 
their  food  plants  and  the  continents  where  each  species  occurs,  further 
examples  of  foreign  hawthorn  insects  that  are  now  in  North  America 
may  be  found  there. 

BIOLOGICAL  NOTES  ON  INSECTS  FEEDING  ON  CRATAEGUS,  AS  OBSERVED 
BY  THE  WRITER  FROM  1917  TO  1920  2 

ACARINA 

Tetranychidae 

telarius  Linn.,  Tetranychus  (Red  spider) 

The  leaves  of  all  species  of  Crataegus  observed  showed  attack  by 
Tetranychus  telarius.  The  European  hawthorns,  however,  seem  to  be 
more  often  severely  injured  by  these  mites  than  the  native  species.  The 

2  The  insects  are  grouped  according  to  order  and  family,  and  arranged  alphabetically  by  species  within 
the  family. 


1052 


WALTER  H.  WELLHOUSE 


injury  is  severest  in  warm,  dry  periods.  The  leaves  at  first  become 
grayish,  due  to  the  presence  of  a  fine  white  web  and  the  cast  skins  of  the 
mites  attached  to  them.  Later  they  turn  brown  and  their  margins  curl 
toward  the  surface  on  which  the  mites  have  fed.  The  adults  hibernate 
among  the  fallen  leaves  and  a  few  were  found  in  bark  crevices  on  the  trunk 
in  April.  The  tiny,  round,  white  eggs  are  laid  on  the  leaves.  The  mites 
breed  continually  on  the  leaves  from  June  to  October. 

Eriophyidae 

Eriophyes  sp.  No.  1  (Hawthorn  serpentine  gall  of  Jarvis) 

The  species  of  Eriophyes  here  described  produces  long,  green  or  red, 
serpentine  galls  confined  to  the  space  between  two  of  the  larger  veins  and 
extending  from  the  midrib  toward  the  margin  of  the  leaf  (fig.  102).  The 


Fio.  102. 


LEAVES  OF  CRAETAEGU3  PUNCTATA   SHOWING    SERPENTINE  GALLS 
PRODUCED  BY  ERIOPHYES  SP.  NO.   1 


gall  consists  of  a  wavy  projection  on  the  upper  side  of  the  leaf  and  a  wavy 
incision  on  the  lower  side.  In  cross  section  the  leaf  appears  convoluted, 
with  the  galls  projecting  upward  as  loops  or  pockets  in  which  the  mites 


THE  INSECT  FAUNA  OF  THE  GENUS  CRATAEGUS 


1053 


live  (fig.  103).    The  leaf  does  not  become  thickened  in  these  galls.     The 
galls  become  extremely  abundant  on  some  trees,  so  that  almost  every  leaf 


is  deformed.  The  mites  seem 
rather  than  those  in  bright 
sunlight.  They  become  most 
abundant  during  August, 
when  the  galls  are  swarming 
with  the  microscopic  white 
mites.  The  galls  were  found 
most  abundantly  on  Crata- 
egus punctata,  but  they  were 
found  also  on  C.  pruinosa 
and  other  native  hawthorns. 


to   prefer  the  shady  branches  of  trees, 


FlG.   103.       CROSS    SECTION    OF    A     CRATAEGUS 
THROUGH    THREE    SERPENTINE    GALLS 


LEAF, 


FlG.    104.      HAWTHORN    MARGINAL   GALLS 


white  mites  which  live  within  the  pouches, 
galls  vary  in  size  and  shape,  but  are  generally 
about  two  millimeters  high  and  are  rounded  on  top 
(figs.  106  and  107).  They  may  be  found  at  any 
place  on  the  leaf  except  on  the  larger  veins. 
They  are  fairly  common  on  Crataegus  punctata 
but  are  not  so  abundant  as  the  serpentine  galls. 


Eriophyes  sp.  No.  2  (Hawthorn 

marginal  gall) 

Galls  very  similar  to  those 
of  Eriophyes  goniothorax  Nal., 
which  are  found  on  hawthorns 
in  Europe,  are  produced  by 
Eriophyes  sp.  No.  2.  The 
margin  of  the  leaf  is  curled 
tightly  downward  for  a  dis- 
tance of  two  centimeters  or 
more  (figs.  104  and  105),  and 
the  curled  margin  is  paler  green 
than  the  rest  of  the  leaf.  The 
mites  live  within  the  curl.  This 
gall  is  not  very  common  about 
Ithaca,  but  was  found  in  a  few 
cases  on  Crataegus  cocdnea. 

Eriophyes  sp.  No.  3  (Thorn  leaf 
pouch  gall) 

Many  small,  pale  green 
pouches,  standing  on  the  upper 
side  of  the  leaf  and  opening 
beneath  the  leaf  by  a  small  slit, 
are  caused  by  microscopic 

The 


FlG.  105. 
THROUGH 
OF  LEAF 


CROSS  SECTION 
CURLED  EDGE 


1054 


WALTER  H.  WELLHOUSE 


ORTHOPTERA 
Acridiidae 

atlanis  Riley,  Melanoplus 
bivittatus  Say,  M. 
femur-rubrum  De  Geer,  M. 

The  common  grasshop- 
pers Melanoplus  atlanis, 
M.  bivittatus,  and  M. 
femur-rubrum  sometimes 
leave  their  herbaceous  host 
plants  to  feed  on  the  foliage 
of  the  lower  branches  of 
hawthorn  trees.  The  older 
nymphs  and  adults  have 
been  observed  feeding  in 
August  and  September. 
They  feed  irregularly  on 
the  leaves,  sometimes  eat- 
ing the  entire  leaf  and 
sometimes  eating  only  the 
apex  or  one  side  of  it. 

HEMIPTERA 
Miridae  (Capsidae) 

communis  Knight,  Lygus 

One  adult  of  Lygus  communis  was  taken  on  June  21  and  four  were  taken 
on  August  2,  puncturing  the  leaves  of  Crataegus  punctata. 

dislocatus  Say,  H  or  das 

A  few  adults  of  Horcias  dislocatus  were  found  feeding  on  leaves  of  Cra- 
taegus punctata  in  June.  They  are  black,  rather  stout,  and  6  millimeters  long. 

malinus  Reuter,  Heterocordylus 
(Dark  apple  redbug) 

Nymphs  and  adults  of  Het- 
erocordylus malinus  are  very 
common  on  native  hawthorns, 
where  their'red  color  and  rapid 
running  over  the  branches 
make  them  very  conspicuous. 
The  young  nymphs  begin  to 
appear  about  April  15,  when 


FlG.  106.   THORN  LEAP  POUCH  GALLS 


FIG.  107. 


CROSS  SECTION  THROUGH  A  THORN  LEAF 
POUCH  GALL 


THE  INSECT  FAUNA  OF  THE  GENUS  CRATAEGUS  1055 

the  blossom  clusters  have  just  begun  to  separate  and  before  the  blossoms 
show  pink.  They  puncture  the  leaves  and  the  tender  twigs  but  do  not 
cause  any  noticeable  injury.  After  the  fruit  sets  they  feed  on  the  fruit 
also  and  cause  very  slight  dimples  where  they  puncture  it.  They  become 
adult  in  late  May  and  early  June,  and  begin  ovipositing  in  the  twigs 
about  June  15.  The  egg  is  deposited  in  a  small  slit  mad 9  with  the  beak  at 
the  base  of  a  young  twig.  Adults  were  found  on  the  trees  until  late  July. 

mendax  Reuter,  Lygidea  (Bright  apple  redbug) 

A  few  nymphs  of  Lygidea  mendax  were  found  feeding  on  the  leaves  and 
fruit  of  Crataegus  in  late  April  and  in  May.  They  are  not  so  common 
as  Heterocordylus  malinus.  In  the  warm  laboratory  the  eggs  hatched  on 
March  27  on  Crataegus  punctata  twigs,  but  no  nymphs  were  found  in  the 
field  until  the  blossoms  were  opening  on  April  25.  Adults  were  found 
from  June  2  to  August  14.  One  adult  in  a  breeding  cage  oviposited  on 
June  19  in  a  twig  of  Crataegus  crus-galli.  She  chose  a  year-old  twig, 
drilled  a  hole  through  the  bark  at  the  base  of  the  twig,  and  then,  turning 
about,  thrust  an  egg  into  the  cavity. 

ornatus  VanD.,  Orihotylus 

A  few  adults  of  Orthotylus  ornatus  were  found  feeding  on  the  leaves  of 
Crataegus  pruinosa  in  June.  They  are  brownish,  spotted,  slender,  and 
5.5  millimeters  long. 

ostryae  Knight,  Lygus 

A  few  adults  of  Lygus  ostryae  were  taken  puncturing  the  leaves  of 
Crataegus  punctata  in  late  June.  They  are  pale  yellowish  brown,  and  are 
otherwise  similar  in  appearance  to  the  tarnished  plant  bug. 

pellucida  Uhl.,  Diaphnidia 

The  pale  green  nymphs  of  Diaphnidia  pellucida  are  rather  numerous  on 
the  foliage  of  Crataegus  punctata  during  late  May  and  early  June.  They 
run  rapidly  over  the  branches  when  disturbed,  and  feed  on  the  leaves 
and  tender  4wigs.  Adults  appeared  from  June  10  to  June  15  in  rearing 
cages  in  the  laboratory,  and  others  were  found  in  the  field  on  Jun3  18. 
They  are  delicate,  slender,  pale  green,  and  about  4  millimeters  long. 

pratensis  Linn.,  Lygus 

Adults  of  Lygus  pratensis  which  have  lived  through  the  winter  are  some- 
times found  puncturing  the  buds  of  Crataegus  in  April,  as  soon  as  the  buds 
show  green,  and  a  few  were  found  puncturing  the  young  fruit  in  late  May. 

univittatus  Knight,  Lygus 

Adults  of  Lygus  univittatus  are  rather  common  during  late  May  and 
June,  puncturing  the  leaves  and  fruit  of  native  hawthorns.  They  resemble 
L.  communis  very  closely,  but  are  generally  paler. 


1056  WALTER  H.  WELLHOUSE 

Tingitidae 

bellula  Gibson,  Corythucha  (Plates  LXXII  and  LXXIII) 

Although  the  original  description  of  Corythucha  bellula  was  published 
but  recently  (Gibson,  1918),  the  species  seems  to  be  fairly  common  where 
its  host  plants  occur,  and  it  has  probably  been  confused  with  C.  cydoniae 
by  earlier  observers  who  must  have  seen  it  on  the  hawthorns.  It  has 
been  found  by  Drake  in  Ohio  and  by  Griddle  in  Manitoba. 

The  host  plants  include  those  species  of  Crataegus  that  have  hairy  leaf 
veins,  and  alsoAlnus  incana  and  Ribes  oxyacanthoides.  The  writer  has  found 
the  insect  breeding  in  abundance  on  Crataegus  neofluvialis  and  to  some 
extent  on  C.  albicans  and  C.  punctata.  The  hawthorns  with  smooth  leaves, 
such  as  C.  pruinosa,  C.  crus-galli,  and  C.  oxyacantha,  even  when  their 
branches  were  intermingled  with  thos?  of  trees  that  were  badly  infested, 
revealed  no  nymphs  nor  eggs. 

In  a  large  thicket  of  C.  neofluvialis  trees  near  the  Cornell  University 
campus,  the  leaves  were  so  discolored  by  the  end  of  July  that  they  attracted 
attention  several  hundred  yards  away.  By  the  middle  of  August  the 
leaves  were  falling,  and  the  branches  were  bare  by  September  1.  No 
fruit  matured  on  these  trees.  A  few  scattered  trees  of  this  species  in  other 
directions  from  the  city  were  also  badly  infested.  Individual  trees  of 
C.  albicans  and  C.  punctata  showed  an  occasional  branch  badly  infested 
and  with  leaves  discolored.  The  injury  is  caused  by  the  nymphs  and 
the  adults  puncturing  the  under  surface  of  the  leaf  and  sucking  the  sap, 
producing  at  first  a  mottled  effect  due  to  the  pale  areas  around  the  feeding 
punctures,  while  later  the  leaf  turns  brown  and  falls  to  the  ground.  Orna- 
mental plantings  of  Crataegus  in  parks  and  gardens  are  rendered  unsightly 
and  weakened  by  this  injury. 

There  are  two  generations  annually  at  Ithaca.  The  first  brood  hatches 
in  July  from  eggs  laid  in  late  May  and  in  June,  and  the  nymphs  become 
mature  in  from  twenty  to  twenty-five  days.  The  second-brood  eggs  are 
laid  in  late  July  and  in  August,  and  the  adults  appear  in  late  August  and 
in  September. 

The  adults  of  the  second  brood  hibernate  among  the  fallen  leaves  and 
in  crevices  of  the  bark.  Many  of  them  remain  on  the  leaves  on  which 
they  were  feeding  before  the  leaves  fell.  They  appeared  the  last  of 
May,  and  during  early  June  were  feeding  on  the  new  Crataegus  leaves. 
As  a  rule  only  one  pair  of  adults  was  found  on  a  leaf,  and  they  remained 
feeding  and  ovipositing  on  that  same  leaf  for  several  days.  After  emer- 
gence from  the  nymphal  skin  in  September,  the  adults  of  the  second  brood 
continue  feeding  on  the  leaves  until  they  fall,  in  late  September  or  in 
October, 

The  egg  is  subelliptical,  with  the  basal  end  rounded  and  the  apical  end 
bent  slightly  to  one  side  and  capped  with  a  rather  broad  cylindrical  collar 


MEMOIR  56 


PLATE  LXXII 


CORY1HUCHA   BELLULA 

1,  Adult.  2,  Lateral  view  of  hood  and  carina.  3,  Tip  of  abdomen  of  female,  with  ovi- 
positor at  rest.  4,  Same  with  ovipositor  exserted;  chitinized  parts  within  body  shown  by  dotted 
lines.  5,  Ovipositor.  6,  Tip  of  abdomen  of  male,  with  olaspeis  at  rest.  7,  Same  with  olaspeis 
exserted.  8,  Eggs  in  position  among  haiis  in  axil  of  leaf  veins 


1057 


1058  WALTER  H.  WELLHOUSE 

surmounted  by  a  low  cone  with  irregular  ridges  extending  from  base  to 
apex.  From  the  apex  of  this  cone  there  arises  in  some  cases  a  short,  blunt 
prolongation,  but  often  this  is  absent.  The  egg  is  without  waxy  covering 
over  the  chorion,  which  is  smooth,  unsculptured,  and  of  a  shining  dark- 
brown  color  but  somewhat  lighter  toward  the  base.  The  cap,  or  cone, 
is  often  whitish.  The  egg,  exclusive  of  the  apical  prolongation  of  the  cap, 
is  0.52  millimeter  long,  and  0.21  millimeter  broad  at  its  greatest  width. 

The  eggs  are  laid  on  the  under  surface  of  the  leaf,  in  the  axils  formed  by 
the  midrib  and  its  lateral  branches.  Although  the  female  has  a  well- 
developed,  sawlike,  four-valved  ovipositor,  the  eggs  are  not  inserted  into 
the  leaf  tissue.  They  are  placed  among  the  hairs  on  the  veins  and  are 
in  some  cases  glued  together  with  an  adhesive  material.  They  are  gen- 
erally laid  in  small  groups,  some  groups  containing  as  many  as  eighteen 
or  twenty  eggs;  but  occasionally  they  are  laid  singly.  In  counting 
the  number  of  eggs  on  one  hundred  infested  leaves  the  writer  found  an 
average  of  forty-nine  eggs  to  a  leaf.  Occasionally  a  leaf  had  seventy- 
five  or  eighty  eggs  on  it.  The  egg-laying  period  extends  over  several 
weeks,  so  that  eggs,  nymphs,  and  adults  may  be  found  at  the  same  time 
in  July  and  August. 

Eggs  laid  on  June  2  hatched  on  July  9  and  10,  while  the  eggs  of  the 
second  brood,  laid  on  July  29  and  30,  hatched  on  August  15  and  16.  This 
indicates  an  incubation  period  of  about  thirty-seven  days  in  the  cooler 
temperature  of  June,  and  eighteen  days  in  July  and  August  when  the 
average  temperature  was  higher. 

The  conical  egg  cap  is  pushed  up  by  the  nymph  as  it  begins  to  emerge 
from  the  egg  still  inclosed  in  the  embryonic  membranous  sac.  When 
about  halfway  out  of  the  eggshell  the  nymph  splits  the  membranous 
sac  and  slips  it  off  over  the  head,  leaving  it  with  the  egg  cap  on  the  outer 
end  hanging  out  from  the  empty  eggshell. 

After  emerging  and  drying,  the  nymphs  begin  to  feed  at  once  in  colonies 
near  the  eggshells.  They  molt  five  times,  feeding  from  three  to  six  days 
between  molts,  the  earlier  stages  requiring  three  or  four  days  while  the 
later  ones  require  five  or  six  days.  In  molting,  the  cuticula  breaks  along 
the  median  dorsal  line  from  the  front  of  the  head  to  about  the  second 
abdominal  segment.  The  insect  on  emerging  is  limp,  and  is  almost  color- 
less except  for  the  eye  facets  which  are  bright  red.  The  body  color  soon 
darkens  and  the  eyes  a  few  .hours  later  become  black.  During  the  fifth 
stage  the  nymph  wanders  about  more  freely  over  the  leaf  and  in  some  cases 
goes  to  adjoining  leaves.  Descriptions  of  the  nymphal  stages  follow. 

First  stage.—  Length  0.5  mm.,  greatest  width  0.15  mm.  General  shape  an  elongate  ellipse, 
somewhat  broader  cephalad  than  caudad  and  more  elongate  than  in  the  later  stages.  At 
first  almost  colorless  but  saon  becoming  dark  brown.  Beak  4-segmented  and  extending 
back  to  sixth  abdominal  segment.  Antenna  3-segmented,  the  basal  two  segments  being 
shorter  than  the  third  segment;  basal  segment  without  spines  or  hairs,  second  segment  with 


MEMOIR  50 


PLATE  LXXIII 


YOUNG  STAGES  OF  CORYTHUCHA  BELLULA 

Egg.    2,  Egg  after  hatching.     3,  First-stage  nymph.     4,  Second-stage  nymph      5,  Thiid- 
stage  nymph.     6,  Fourth-stage  nymph.     7,  Fifth-stage  nymph 


1059 


1060  WALTER  H.  WELLHOUSE 

a  few  short  hairs,  third  segment  with  numerous  long  spines  and  hairs,  some  with  rounded 
tip  and  conical  base,  others  with  pointed  tip.  Head  with  five  prominent  dorsal  tubercles, 
two  slightly  separated  just  above  base  of  beak,  each  bearing  a  round-tipped  spine;  one  tubercle 
back  of  these  on  median  linfc  bearing  two  spines;  two  tubercles  near  posterior  margin,  widely 
separated  and  each  bearing  two  spines.  Pro-  and  mesothorax  having  lateral  tubercles  with 
a  spine  on  each,  and  mesothorax  having  a  pair  of  dorsal  tubercles  with  one  spine  on  each. 
Metathorax  and  first  abdominal  segment  without  spines.  Legs  armed  with  short,  pointed 
hairs  and  two  bent,  sharp,  terminal  claws.  Nine  abdominal  segments  visible  above,  each 
of  these  except  the  first  bearing  on  each  lateral  margin  a  tubercle  surmounted  by  a  round- 
tipped  spine;  two  dorsal  tubercles  on  second,  fifth,  sixth,  and  eighth  abdominal  segments, 
those  on  second  and  eighth  segments  bearing  one  round-tipped  spine  each,  and  those  on  fifth 
and  sixth  segments  bearing  two  spines  each;  tenth  abdominal  segment  visible  from  a  lateral 
or  ventral  view,  this  segment  bearing  no  spines  nor  hairs;  minute  awl-shaped  spinules  over 
dorsal  surface,  especially  on  large  tubercles  of  fifth  and  sixth  abdominal  segments  and  on 
thorax.  (Plate  LXXIII,  3.) 

Second  stage. —  Length  0.68  mm.,  greatest  width  0.27  mm.  Body  broader  in  proportion 
to  its  length  than  in  first  stage;  dark  brown  in  color,  with  numerous  minute  spinules  over 
dorsal  surface,  covering  it  much  more  completely  than  in  first  stage.  Additional  small 
spines  on  both  dorsal  and  lateral  tubercles,  and  the  round-tipped  spines  present  before  having 
a  slightly  longer  conical  base  in  this  stage.  (Plate  LXXIII,  4.) 

Third  stage. —  Length  0.82  mm.,  greatest  width  0.44  mm.  Antenna  with  four  segments. 
Round-tipped  spines  arising  from  a  base  longer  than  the  spines,  and  a  few  additional  small 
spines  on  tubercles.  Pro-  and  mesothorax  beginning  to  increase  in  prominence.  (Plate 
LXXIII,  5.) 

Fourth  stage. —  Length  1.2  mm.,  greatest  width  0.7  mm.  Wing  pads  of  mesothorax  extend- 
ing back  over  metathorax  and  first  abdominal  segment  at  sides.  Prothorax  more  prominent 
than  in  earlier  stages.  Bases  of  round-tipped  spines  several  times  as  long  as  the  spines. 
A  few  new  spines  present  on  lateral  margins  of  pro-  and  mesothorax  and  of  abdomen.  Color 
dark  brown,  except  in  an  irregular  band  across  abdomen  just  caudad  of  wing  pads  and  on 
lateral  thirds  of  prothorax,  where  it  is  yellowish.  Minute  spinules  covering  entire  dorsum, 
light-colored  on  the  yellowish  parts  and  dark  on  the  brown  parts ;  these  spinules  present  also 
on  bases  of  round-tipped  spines.  (Plate  LXXIII,  6.) 

Fifth  stage. —  Length  1.6  mm.,  greatest  width  0.96  mm.  Wing  pads  now  extending  back 
to  fourth  abdominal  segment  at  sides,  and  prothorax  still  more  prominent.  A  few  more 
spines  on  tubercles;  many  of  the  sharp-pointed  spines  of  the  earlier  stages  now  round-tipped; 
spines  present  in  the  earlier  stages  on  lateral  margins  of  segments  covered  by  wing  pads  have 
disappeared.  Yellowish  parts  of  prothorax  increased  in  size,  and  distal  part  of  wing  pads 
yellowish,  giving  the  body  the  appearance  of  having  two  light  bands  across  it.  Entire  dorsal 
surface  covered  with  minute  spinules  as  in  earlier  stages.  (Plate  LXXIII,  7.) 

In  all  stages  of  the  nymphs  the  larger  spines  correspond  exactly  in 
position  and  shape  with  those  so  excellently  described  by  Morrill  (1903) 
for  the  oak  lace  bug,  Corythucha  arcuata.  The  only  distinguishing  char- 
acters between  the  nymphs  of  the  two  species  which  the  writer  has  been 
able  to  observe  are  the  size  and  the  prevalence  of  minute  awl-shaped 
spinules  on  the  dorsal  surface.  Nymphs  of  C.  bellula  are  smaller,  and 
possess  more  spinules,  than  those  of  C.  arcuata.  The  larger  spines  of 
both  species  which  are  mounted  on  elongate  bases  seem  to  have  an  eversible 
sac  on  the  tip  which  gives  them  a  trumpet  shape  when  it  is  drawn  in  and 
a  round  tip  when  it  is  extended. 

The  natural  enemies  of  these  spiny  creatures  seem  to  be  few.  Only 
the  immature  stages  of  several  spiders  were  seen  to  prey  upon  them. 


THE  INSECT  FAUNA  OF  THE  GENUS  CRATAEGUS  1061 

The  webs  of  these  spiders  sometimes  cover  the  infested  leaves  of  a  tree 
and  entangle  whole  colonies  of  the  lace  bugs.  The  adults  that  survive 
the  winter  are  comparatively  few,  so  that  the  first  brood  of  C.  bellula 
does  little  injury. 

Cicadellidae  (Jassidae) 

cliteUarius  Say,  Thamnotettix 

The  adults  of  Thamnotettix  cliteUarius  are  of  medium  size,  5  millimeters 
long.  They  are  yellow,  with  black  wings  which  have  a  prominent  yellow 
spot.  A  few  specimens  were  found  on  June  11. 

coccinea  Forst.,  Graphocephala 

The  adults  of  Graphocephala  coccinea  are  8  millimeters  long,  are  slender, 
with  a  pointed  head,  and  have  the  wings  striped  with  alternate  red  and 
green.  They  are  found  on  native  hawthorns  in  July  and  August,  but  are 
not  common. 

curti$ii  Fb.,  Euscelis 

The  adults  of  Euscelis  curtisii  are  small,  4  millimeters  long,  with  many 
narrow  yellow  and  black  stripes.  Specimens  were  found  on  June  23, 
but  were  not  common. 

fitchi  VanD.,  Idiocerus  (Black  apple  leaf  hopper) 

The  adult  of  Idiocerus  fitchi  is  6  millimeters  long,  is  brown  or  grayish 
with  oblique  white  marks,  and  is  found  on  native  hawthorns  in  July  and 
August.  The  black  nymphs  were  reared  on  Crataegus  punctata  leaves 
from  June  14  to  July  2.  The  species  winters  in  the  egg  stage.. 

lachrymalis  Fb.,  Idiocerus 

The  adults  of  Idiocerus  lachrymalis  are  8  millimeters  long,  and  are 
brownish  or  grayish  mottled,  with  dark  venation.  They  occur  on  native 
hawthorns  in  June  and  July.  They  are  not  common. 

lineatus  Linn.,  Philaenus 

The  adults  of  Philaenus  lineatus  are  6  millimeters  long,  brownish  yellow, 
stout  with  a  pointed  head,  and  with  a  small  black  spot  near  the  apex  on 
the  inner  margin  of  the  wing.  They  are  found  on  native  hawthorns  from 
July  1  to  July  15,  but  are  not  common. 

mali  LeB.,  Empoasca  (Apple  leaf  hopper) 

The  adults  of  Empoasca  mali  are  3J  millimeters  long,  slender,  pale 
green.  They  are  found  rarely  on  Crataegus  in  late  June. 

obliqua  Say,  Erythroneura 

The  adults  of  Erythroneura  obliqua  are  2 \  millimeters  long,  with  the  wings 
striped  red  and  white.  They  are  very  abundant  on  the  leaves  of  native 


1002  WALTER  H.  WELLHOUSE 

hawthorns.  They  hibernate  among  the  fallen  leaves  under  the  trees, 
and  hundreds  of  them  were  present  under  Crataegus  punctata  trees  in 
March,  1919.  During  warm  days  in  winter  they  hop  about  over  the 
leaves.  Some  individuals  have  pale  pink  stripes,  and  others  reddish  brown. 
Adults  are  found  feeding  on  the  trees  in  June  and  October. 

pallidus  Fb.,  Idiocerus 

A  single  adult  of  Idiocerus  pallidus  was  taken  on  June  23,  on  Crataegus 
punctata.  It  was  6  millimeters  long,  and  was  similar  in  size  and  shape 
to  /.  fitchi  but  was  almost  white. 

provancheri  VanD.,  Idiocerus 

The  adults  of  Idiocerus  provancheri  are  5J  millimeters  long,  and  are 
brown  or  blackish  with  an  elongate  yellow  spot  on  the  base  of  the  inner 
margin  of  the  wing.  They  are  common  on  the  leaves  of  native  hawthorns 
during  June  and  July.  Nymphs  in  the  rearing  cages  hatched  from  eggs 
in  Crataegus  punctata  twigs  just  as  the  buds  were  expanding  in  April. 
They  became  adult  in  three  weeks. 

querci  Fitch,  Empoa 

The  small,  whitish  leaf  hoppers  known  as  Empoa  querci'  are  very 
abundant  on  both  native  and  imported  hawthorns.  The  nymphs  may  be 
found  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves  in  late  June  and  July,  and  again  in 
September.  The  adults  likewise  occur  on  the  under  side  of  the  foliage  in 
June,  August,  and  late  September  or  early  October.  They  hibernate 
among  the  fallen  leaves  and  become  active  on  warm  winter  days.  They 
are  3  millimeters  long,  and  are  pale  yellowish  white  in  color. 

seminudus  Say,  Eutettix 

The  adults  of  Eutettix  seminudus  are  4J  millimeters  long,  rather  stout, 
and  white  with  a  light  brown  band  across  the  middle  of  the  wings.  They 
are  rather  common  on  Crataegus  punctata  and  C.  tomentosa  foliage  from 
mid-July  to  September. 

suturalis  Fb.,  Idiocerus 

The  adults  of  Idiocerus  suturalis  are  5J  millimeters  long,  and  are  pallid 
except  for  the  black  inner  margin  of  the  wings.  They  are  found  on 
native  Crataegus  in  June  and  July,  but  are  rare. 

vanduzei  Gill.,  Eupteryx 

The  adults  of  Eupteryx  vanduzei  are  2J  millimeters  long,  and  are  slender 
with  a  pointed  head.  The  head,  the  thorax,  and  the  apical  part  of  the 
wings  are  brown,  and  the  central  part  of  the  body  and  of  the  wings  is 
greenish  yellow.  One  nymph  was  taken  on  Crataegus  punctata  foliage, 
and  the  adult  emerged  on  August  15.  The  species  is  rarely  found. 


THE  INSECT  FAUNA  OF  THE  GENUS  CRATAEGUS 


1063 


vulgaris  Fb.,  Lamenia 

The  adults  of  Lamenia  vulgaris  are  4  millimeters  long,  bluish  gray,  and 
rather  stout.  They  are  abundant  on  native  hawthorns  during  the  last 
half  of  June. 

Membracidae 
crataegi  Fitch,  Glossonotus  (Hawthorn  tree  hopper) 

The  adults  of  Glossonotus  crataegi  are  fairly  common  on  the  branches  of 
n'ative  hawthorns'  during  July  and  early  August. 

flavicephala  Coding,  Ophiderma 

The  adults  of  Ophiderma  flavicephala  are  8  millimeters  long,  are  brown 
with  a  yellowish  white  stripe  on  each  side  and  across  the  rear  end  of  the 
prothorax,  and  are  without  a  hump.  They  are  rarely  found  on  the  branches 
of  Crataegus  punctata  and  C.  tomentosa  during  June. 

taurind  Fitch,  Ceresa 

The  adults  of  Ceresa  taurina  are  8  millimeters  long,  are  pale  green,  and 
have  the  prothorax  prolonged  into  a  horn  on  each  side  of  the  head.  They 
are  found  occasionally  on  the  branches  of  Crataegus  punctata  and  C. 
neofluvialis  in  late  July  and  August.  No  nymphs  were  reared  to  the  adult 
stage  on  Crataegus,  but  several  nymphs 
answering  the  description  of  this  species 
as  given  by  Hodgkiss  (1910)  hatched 
on  April  20  and  lived  through  three  in- 
stars  on  Crataegus  punctata  foliage. 

Aphididae 

corrugatans   Sir.,    Pemphigus    (Woolly 

thorn  aphis) 

A  few  colonies  of  the  flocculent 
greenish  aphids  of  the  species  Pem- 
phigus corrugatans  were  found  in  early 
June  on  Crataegus  punctata.  They  live 
on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves  arid  curl 
the  leaf  margins  downward. 

crataegi  Monell,  Macrosiphum 

The  apterous  females  of  Macrosi- 
phum crataegi  may  be  found  from  late 
May  until  October  on  the  native  haw- 
thorns at  Ithaca,  and  during  July  and 
August  the  species  may  become  so 
abundant  as  to  seriously  injure  the 


FlG.    108.      MACROSIPHUM   GRATAECI 


1064 


WALTER  H.  WELLHOUSE 


trees.  During  the  summer  of  1919  the  writer  saw  a  small  Crataegus  prui- 
nosa  tree  killed  and  a  very  large  C.  punctata  tree  almost  entirely  defo- 
liated due  to  the  sucking  of  sap  by  myriads  of  these  aphids.  They  are 
rather  large,  yellowish  green  aphids,  with  long  cornicles,  and  their  most 
easily  recognizable  character  is  the  presence  of  four  dark  green  spots 
arranged  in  a  rectangle  on  the  dorsal  side  of  the  abdomen  (fig.  108).  The 
entire  life  history  is  passed  on  Crataegus  trees.  The  black  winter  eggs 
are  placed  on  the  twigs  and  the  smaller  branches.  They  begin  to  hatch 
in  May,  after  the  leaves  are  well  opened.  The  young  aphids  move  to  the 
lower  surface  of  the  leaves,  and  their  feeding,  as  the  colony  increases,  causes 
the  leaves  to  curl  downward. 

In  late  June  an  alate  brood  appears  and  migrates  to  near-by  branches 
or  trees  to  start  new  colonies.  It  is  after  this  brood  appears  that  the  species 
becomes  so  injurious. 

crataegifoliae  Fitch,  Aphis 

In  early  May,  1918,  the  Crataegus  cocdnea  trees  at  Ithaca  began  to  show 
the  terminal  rosettes  of  curled  leaves  caused  by  Aphis  crataegifoliae.  The 
rosettes  turned  red,  and  the  aphids  within  them  also  were  red.  The  infested 

branches  remained  de- 
formed and  somewhat 
stunted  throughout  the 
season,  although  the 
aphids  departed  from  the 
trees  about  May  20  to 
seek  leguminous  hosts. 
No  aphids  of  this  species 
were  observed  the  next 
year. 

lanigera    Hausm.,     Erio- 
scma  (Woolly  aphis) 

The  woolly  aphids  first 
become  noticeable  in 
early  June  as  small  white 
spots  on  the  tender  twigs 
of  Crataegus.  In  a  favor- 
able season  such  as  the 
summer  of  1918,  they  be- 
come very  conspicuous 
and  cover  entire  branches 
by  late  summer  fig.  109). 
The  writer  has  not  found 
the  roots  of  Crataegus 

FlO.    109.      ERIOSOMA    LANIGERA    ON    HAWTHORN 


THE  INSECT  FAUNA  OF  THE  GENUS  CRATAEGUS  1085 

pomi  De  Geer,  Aphis  (Green  apple  aphis) 

During  June  and  July  the  succulent  sprouts  of  European  and  native 
hawthorns  are  badly  infested  by  green  apple  aphids.  Whenever  the  weather 
becomes  unfavorable  for  their  enemies  they  increase  rapidly  and  infest 
entire  trees  or  hedges,  but  fair  weather  checks  them  again. 

prunifoliae  Fitch,  Rhopalosiphum  (Apple  bud  aphis) 

The  dark  green  stem  mothers  of  the  species  Rhopalosiphum  prunifoliae 
begin  to  appear  on  the  buds  of  native  hawthorns  as  soon  as  the  bud  scales 
have  separated  enough  to  show  the  green  leaves  within.  The  colonies 
increase  during  April  and  early  May,  doing  some  damage  to  the  young 
leaves  and  buds,  but  before  June  they  migrate  from  the  trees  to  grasses 
and  are  not  often  found  on  the  trees  between  early  June  and  late  autumn. 
The  winter  eggs  are  laid  on  hawthorn  twigs  and  buds. 

Coccidae 

corni  Bouche,  Lecanium  (European  fruit  lecanium) 

The  species  Lecanium  corni  is  often  very  abundant  on  the  lower  side  of 
branches  of  native  hawthorns,  and  occasionally  a  branch  is  found  to  be 
almost  entirely  covered  with  these  scales.  Lower  or  inner  branches  that 
receive  a  scanty  supply  of  light  appear  to  be  killed  by  them.  The  young, 
flat  scales  are  sometimes  very  plentiful  on  the  leaves  in  late  summer. 

furfura  Fitch,  Chionaspis  (Scurfy  scale) 

The  flat,  whitish  scale  known  as  Chionaspis  furfura  is  very  common  and 
noticeable  on  the  bark  of  all  Crataegus  species  which  the  writer  has 
observed.  The  small,  elongate,  white,  male  scales  are  often  very  abundant 
on  the  leaves  and  bark  of  Crataegus  punctata.  The  injury  caused  by 
these  scales  is  not  noticeable. 

perniciosus  Comst.,  Aspidiotus  (San  Jose  scale) 

Although  the  San  Jose  scale  is  fairly  common  on  all  species  at  Ithaca, 
it  does  not  seem  to  increase  rapidly  enough  to  become  injurious.  It  is 
more  commonly  found  on  the  smooth  bark  of  young  trees  than  on  old, 
rough-barked  trees. 

ulmi  Linn.,  Lepidosaphes  (Oyster-shell  scale) 

The  oyster-shell  scale  is  common  on  the  bark  of  native  and  European 
hawthorns,  and  a  few  badly  infested  branches  have  been  found.  Gen- 
erally, however,  this  species  seems  to  be  unimportant  as  a  pest  of  Crataegus. 

vitis  Linn.,  Pulvinaria  (Cottony  scale) 

The  species  Pulvinaria  vitis  is  occasionally  found  on  the  twigs  and 
branches  of  native  hawthorns,  but  is  not  very  abundant. 


1066  WALTER  H.  WELLHOUSE 

THYSANOPTERA 

Thrypidae 

iritici  Fitch,  Euthrips 

Nymphs  and  adults  of  Euthrips  tritici  are  very  common  in  flowers  and 
flower  buds  of  native  hawthorns  in  April  and  May.  Many  flower  buds 
fail  to  open,  and  inside  of  them  are  found  from  one  to  a  dozen  or  more  of 
these  thrips.  They  were  exceedingly  abundant  in  the  Cornell  University 
arboretum  in  1918,  and  very  few  hawthorns  there  bore. fruit  that  year. 

COLEOPTERA 

Elateridae 

dubitans  Lee.,  Limonius 

The  beetles  of  the  species  Limonius  dubitans  occasionally  are  found 
eating  leaves  of  native  hawthorns  in  late  May  and  early  June.  On  May 
31,  1919,  one  of  these  click  beetles  was  found  on  a  Crataegus  pruinosa 
leaf  where  it  had  been  feeding,  and  was  attacked  by  an  adult  pentatomid, 
Apeteticus  madestus  Dallas.  The  latter  had  its  beak  inserted  into  the 
beetle,  which  died  while  being  carried  to  the  laboratory. 

pubescens  Melsh.,  Agriotes 

The  beetles  of  Agriotes  pubescens  were  eating  the  leaves  of  Crataegus 
punctata  on  May  23.  The  species  is  not  common. 

Melanotus  sp. 

The  beetles  of  Melanotus  sp.  were  eating  the  leaves  of  Crataegus  punclata 
on  June  6  and  June  8.  The  species  is  not  common. 

Buprestidae 

aerosus  Melsh.,  Brachys 

The  beetles  of  Brachys  aerosus  were  found  feeding  on  Crataegus  punctata 
leaves  in  warm  sunlight  from  May  30  to  June  20.  There  were  commonly 
two  or  three  to  a  leaf,  feeding  on  the  upper  surface  and  cutting  small 
holes  through  the  leaf.  As  many  as  fifty  of  the  beetles  were  found  on  one 
tree,  while  neighboring  trees  had  none.  They  are  from  4  to  5  millimeters 
long,  and  are  brown  and  gold  in  color. 

Scarabaeidae 

elongata  Fabr . ,  Dichelonycha 

The  beetles  of  Dichelonycha  elongata  were  found  feeding  on  Crataegus 
punctata  foliage,  six  being  seen  on  one  tree  on  May  31.  A  seventh  beetle 
was  killed  by  three  adult  pentatomids  of  the  species  Apsteticus  modestus, 
which  were  feeding  on  its  body. 


THE  INSECT  FAUNA  OF  THE  GENUS  CRATAEGUS  1067 

testacea  Kirby,  Dichelonycha 

The  beetles  of  Dichelonycha  testacea  were  found  on  Crataegus  tomentosa 
foliage  on  May  29  and  July  1.  They  cut  irregular  patches  from  the 
edge  of  the  leaf.  The  species  is  not  common. 

Chrysomelidae 

borealis  Shev.,  Dibolia 

The  green  flea  beetles  of  the  species  Dibolia  borealis  are  2J  millimeters 
long.  They  feed  on  native  hawthorn  foliage  in  May,  as  soon  as  it  is 
expanded.  They  hibernate  beneath  bark  scales  on  the  trunk  and  the 
branches,  and  when  warmed  in  the  hand  in  February  they  very  soon 
become  active. 

carinata  Germ.,  Haltica 

The  metallic  violet  or  green  flea  beetles  of  the  spscies  Haltica  carinata 
are  4  millimeters  long.  They  feed  on  foliage  of  native  hawthorns  in 
June.  They  are  not  common. 

cucumeris  Harris,  Epitrix 

Tiny  shining  bluish  beetles  less  than  2  millimeters  long,  of  the  species 
Epitrix  cucumeris,  were  found  feeding  on  Crataegus  punctata  foliage  in 
June.  The  species  is  not  common. 

helxines  Linn.,  Crepidodera 

The  shining  greenish  flea  beetles  of  the  species  Crepidodera  helxines  are 
3  millimeters  long.  They  feed  on  the  foliage  of  native  hawthorns  and  are 
frequently  so  numerous  as  to  cause  considerable  injury.  They  are  found 
feeding  in  May,  June,  July,  and  August,  but  are  most  abundant  in 
late  May  and  in  June.  The  beetles  hibernate  under  bark  scales  on  the 
trunk  and  the  larger  branches,  where  many  of  them  die  from  the  attack 
of  a  white  fungous  growth  before  spring. 

marginalis  111.,  Systena 

Yellowish  brown,  slender  flea  beetles  4  millimeters  long,  of  the  species 
Systena  marginalis,  were  found  in  August  and  early  September  eating 
holes  in  leaves  of  native  hawthorns.  The  species  is  fairly  common. 

villosula  Melsh.,  Xanthonia 

The  stout  brownish  or  black  beetles  of  the  species  Xanthonia  villosula 
are  4  millimeters  long.  They  were  found  feeding  on  the  leaves  of 
Crataegus  punctata  from  late  June  to  early  August.  Occasionally  they  are 
so  abundant  as  to  completely  riddle  the  foliage  of  a  tree  with  the  holes 
they  cut  in  feeding  (Wellhouse,  1919).  Feeding  punctures  are  shown  in 
figure  110,  on  the  following  page. 


1068 


WALTER  H.  WELLHOUSE 


Curculionidae 

crataegi  Walsh,  Conotra- 
chelus  (Quince  cur- 
culio) 

The  square-shouldered 
brown  beetles  of  Cono- 
trachelus  crataegi  were 
found  puncturing  the 
fruit  of  Crataegus  for 
feeding  and  oviposition 
in  July  and  August,  1918, 
and  in  late  May  and  June, 
1919.  The  early  months 
of  1919  were  much 
warmer  than  those  of 
1918  at  Ithaca,  and  this 
probably  is  the  cause  of 
the  great  variation  in  the 
time  of  their  appearance. 
The  larvae  develop  within 
the  haws,  feeding  on  the 
pulp  surrounding  the 
large,  stony  seeds.  A 
larva  commonly  eats 
about  one-half  of  the  en- 
tire pulp  of  the  fruit 
before  emerging  in  the 

autumn,  when  it  leaves  the  fruit  by  a  large,  round,  exit  hole.  It  then 
burrows  down  two  or  three  inches  in  the  soil  and  spends  the  winter  as 
a  larva  curled  in  a  smooth-walled  earthen  cell.  In  June,  1918,  the  writer 
found  ninety-six  larvae  in  the  soil  beneath  one  Crataegus  punctata  tree. 
Some  of  them  pupated  in  June  and  others  in  July.  They  are  very  common 
on  all  the,  native  hawthorns. 

nebulosus  Lee.,  Anthonomus  (Hawthorn  blossom  weevil) 

One  of  the  most  interesting  and  injurious  of  the  insects  found  on  the 
hawthorns  is  Anthonomus  nebulosus,  a  member  of  a  very  destructive  genus 
of  blossom  weevils.  Its  mode  of  life  resembles  in  a  general  way  that  of 
the  Mexican  cotton  boll  weevil,  A.  grandis,  and  is  almost  identical  with 
that  of  the  European  apple-blossom  weevil,  A.  pomorum  (Theobald,  1909: 
104-110). 

The  original  description  of  A .  nebulosus  is  to  be  found  in  the  Proceedings 
of  the  American  Philosophical  Society  (Leconte,  1876),  and  a  more  com- 
plete description  is  given  by  Dietz  (1891).  In  the  present  account  it  is 


FlG.   110.      FEEDING   PUNCTURES  OF  XANTHONIA  VILLOSULA 
IN   LEAVES  OF  CRATAEGUS  PUNCTATA 


THE  INSECT  FAUNA  OF  THE  GENUS  CRATAEGUS  1069 

sufficient  to  say  that  A.  nebulosus  is  a  brown  or  grayish  oval  beetle,  from 
3.75  to  4.25  millimeters  long,  generally  with  a  whitish,  V-shaped  .mark 
on  the  fore  part  of  the  elytra,  with  a  long,  slender,  curved  beak,  and  the 
front  femur  having  two  teeth  on  its  apical  part,  one  large  and  the  other 
small  (Plate  LXXIV,  page  1070). 

The  species  has  been  found  in  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Michigan, 
Indiana,  Missouri,  Arkansas,  and  Louisiana,  and  therefore  it  seems 
probable  that  it  is  present  wherever  its  hosts  are  found  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  Although  Dietz  considers  this  species  to  be  more  charac- 
teristic of  the  European  fauna  than  of  our  own,  no  record  can  be  found  of 
its  occurrence  in  Europe  or  elsewhere  outside  of  this  country. 

Its  hosts  include  a  number  of  the  larger-flowered  species  of  hawthorns, 
such  as  Crataegus  punctata,  C.  brainerdi,  C.  pruinosa,  and  C.  mollis.  The 
smaller-flowered  species,  such  as  C.  oxyacantha,  are  not  selected  by  the 
beetles  for  oviposit  ion,  probably  because  there  is  not  space  enough  for 
the  full  development  of  the  larva  within  the  bud. 

The  injury  caused  by  the  hawthorn  blossom  weevil  is  most  apparent 
while  the  trees  are  in  full  bloom.  At  that  time  the  infested  blossoms  are 
brown  and  remain  closed.  On  badly  infested  trees  fully  fifty  per  cent  of 
the  blossoms  may  be  in  this  condition  and  the  trees  present  a  scorched 
appearance.  As  the  young  fruit  begins  to  set,  the  infested  blossoms  com- 
monly fall  to  the  ground,  but  they  may  sometimes  be  seen  on  the  trees 
even  after  the  beetles  have  emerged  in  June. 

The  beetles  come  out  of  hibernation  and  appear  on  the  branches  of  the 
hosts  about  mid-April,  feeding  ravenously  on  the  buds,  which  are  showing 
green.  It  is  not  uncommon  to  see  a  beetle  with  feet  braced  and  beak 
inserted  up  to  the  eyes  in  a  bud  while  it  hurriedly  eats  the  tender  leaves 
within.  As  soon  as  all  the  food  within  reach  of  the  entrance  hole  is  eaten, 
the  beetle  seeks  another  bud  on  the  twig  and  repeats  the  process.  The 
puncture  in  the  bud  is  round,  is  0.3  millimeter  in  diameter,  and  turns 
dark  as1  soon  as  the  beak  is  withdrawn.  The  presence  of  the  beetles  may 
be  detected  by  these  dark  round  holes  in  the  buds  before  the  egg-laying 
period  arrives.  The  beetles  continue  to  feed  on  the  buds  during  suitable 
weather  until  the  clusters  have  separated  enough  for  oviposition  in  the 
blossoms. 

During  cool  weather  the  beetles  remain  inactive,  generally  in  the  axils 
of  the  twigs  with  their  heads  down.  A  few  observations  on  the  relation 
of  temperature  to  their  activities  were  made,  and  these  indicate  that 
the  beetles  remain  inactive  while  the  temperature  is  below  50°  F.  The 
optimum  temperature  is  from  60°  to  70°,  and  when  it  is  raised  to  78° 
the  beetles  rush  about  like  mad,  attempting  to  oviposit  in  every  bud. 
Under  most  conditions  they  seem  reluctant  to  fly,  but  when  placed  on 
distasteful  food  they  fly  away.  They  continue  their  activities  on  cloudy 
or  rainy  days  and  at  night  if  the  temperature  is  sufficiently  high. 


MEMOIR  56 


PLATE  LXXIV 


ANTHONOMU8   NEBULO8US 

1,  Feeding  punctures  of  beetles  in  hawthorn  fruit.  2,  Egg  in  blossomfbud.  3/' Female 
ovipositing  in  blossom  bud.  4,  Flower  with  petals  removed  to  show  full-grown  larva  in  its 
natural  position.  5,  Adult  beetle.  6,  Three  flower  buds' containing  larvae,  and  one  normal 
blossom.  7,  Flower  with  petals  removed  to'show  pupa  in  its  natural  position 

1070 


THE  INSECT  FAUNA  OF  THE  GENUS  CRATAEGUS  1071 

The  period  between  the  opening  of  the  blossom  clusters  and  the  opening 
of  the  blossoms  themselves  is  the  time  of  oviposit  ion,  and  the  length  of 
this  period  probably  influences  the  amount  of  injury  to  a  considerable 
extent.  If  it  is  prolonged  by  cool,  cloudy  weather,  then  eggs  may  be 
placed  in  more  of  the  blossom*  before  they  open.  In  central  New  York 
the  oviposition  period  is  about  May  15. 

After  selecting  a  suitable  blossom  bud,  the  female  makes  a  hole  in  the 
side  of  the  calyx  with  her  beak.  Then,  turning  around,  she  thrusts  the 
egg  into  the  hole  with  her  ovipositor,  and  moves  to  another  bud  to  repeat 
the  process.  A  clear  liquid  fills  the  hole  where  the  egg  is  thrust  in,  which 
soon  hardens  and  seals  the  opening  completely.  The  act  of  oviposition 
requires  about  ten  minutes  when  the  temperature  is  68°  or  70°,  but  it 
requires  an  hour  at  54°. 

The  egg  is  pearly  white,  0.6  millimeter  long,  0.36  millimeter  wide, 
elliptical,  generally  the  same  size  at  both  ends  but  when  tucked  in  tightly 
between  the  anthers  it  may  be  narrower  at  one  end  to  conform  to  the 
space  it  fills.  It  is  of  almost  the  same  size  and  color  as  the  anthers  and 
is  difficult  to  distinguish  from  them.  The  corium  is  smooth,  unsculp- 
tiired,  and  delicate,  drying  and  collapsing  when  exposed  to*  the  air  for 
one  hour. 

After  about  a  week  the  young,  white,  curved,  legless  larva  is  found  within 
the  bud.  It  feeds  on  the  anthers,  and,  as  it  grows,  consumes  all  the  internal 
parts  of  the  flower  but  leaves  intact  the  wall  of  the  receptacle  and  the 
closed  petals  which  form  the  roof  of  its  house.  The  petals  become  stiff 
as  if  they  were  starched,  and  do  not  shrink  away  as  they  turn  brown. 
After  feeding  for  a  couple  of  weeks  the  larva  is  dirty  white,  is  from  6  to 
8  millimeters  long,  is  still  legless,  has  a  small  brown  head,  and  lies  in  a 
curved  position.  At  about  this  time  it  molts  and  changes  to  a  white, 
free  pupa  6  millimeters  long,  with  a  dark  caudal  spine,  two  dark  promi- 
nent spines  on  the  apex  of  the  head,  and  several  smaller  spines  farther 
back  on  the  head.  After  pupating  during  a  week  or  a  little  longer,  the 
beetle  makes  a  hole  in  the  top  or  the  side  of  its  house  with  its  beak,  and 
emerges. 

It  begins  to  feed  a  few  minutes  after  emergence,  choosing  for  its  food 
the  first  young  thorn  or  fruit  in  its  pathway  as  it  wanders  along  the 
branch.  The  thorns  of  the  current  season's  growth  seem  to  be  a  very 
attractive  food.  A  hole  is  drilled  near  the  base  of  the  thorn,  and  the 
beetle  spends  hours  with  its  beak  inserted  in  the  hole  completely  up  to  its 
eyes,  prying  and  straining  to  enlarge  the  cavity  within  the  thorn.  The 
round  hole  at  the  base  of  a  thorn  does  not  heal  during  the  season's  growth, 
and  the  presence  of  such  holes  will  indicate  at  any  time  of  the  year  the 
presence  of  the  blossom  weevils.  The  beetles  attack  the  fruit  also  and 
make  several  round  holes  in  a  single  fruit  before  seeking  another.  The 
holes  become  brown  almost  immediately.  The  writer  has  never  found 


1072  WALTER  H.  WELLHOUSE 

the  beetles  eating  leaves  or  tender  twigs,  but  they  sometimes  feed  on  the 
succulent  globular  leaf  galls  of  cecidomyiid  larvae.  They  will  puncture 
and  feed  on  young  apples  in  the  cages  when  fresh  haws  are  not  to  be  had, 
but  the  writer  has  found  none  feeding  on  apples  in  the  field. 

After  feeding  for  a  week  or  ten  days  the  beetles  may  be  found  in  copula- 
tion on  the  branches,  and  a  week  or  so  later,  as  warm  July  weather  comes, 
they  disappear  from  the  trees.  Those  kept  in  breeding  cages  remained 
hidden  in  fallen  curled  leaves  and  hollow  twigs  on  the  ground  all  summer 
and  winter  without  feeding  until  the  next  spring.  A  search  for  their 
hiding  places  in  the  field  revealed  a  score  of  the  beetles  inclosed  in  curled, 
dried  leaves  on  the  ground  beneath  their  host  trees. 

The  life  cycle  may  be  summarized  as  follows:  The  immature  stages 
(egg,  larva,  and  pupa)  are  completed  within  the  closed  blossom  in  from 
twenty-seven  to  thirty-five  days,  and  the  remainder  of  the  year  is  passed 
in  the  adult  stage.  The  adults  feed  on  thorns  and  fruit  for  two  or  three 
weeks  after  emerging  from  the  blossoms,  and  then  remain  quiescent 
among  fallen  leaves  on  the  ground  until  the  next  spring,  when  they  feed 
for  about  a  month  on  the  buds  before  ovipositing.  Soon  after  oviposition 
the  beetles  die.  In  New  York  the  eggs  are  laid  about  mid-May  and  the 
beetles  emerge  from  the  blossoms  in  June.  W.  D.  Pierce,  in  a  letter  to 
the  writer,  says  the  beetles  emerge  in  late  March  and  early  April  in  Lou- 
isiana. The  time  of  their  development  in  different  latitudes  is  dependent  on 
the  opening  of  the  hawthorn  blossoms  in  those  latitudes. 

A  number  of  natural  enemies  of  the  blossom  weevil  have  been  observed. 
Various  birds,  especially  sparrows,  pick  open  the  brown  blossoms  to  eat 
the  larvae  and  the  pupae.  Pierce  (1912:77)  found  the  weevils  to  be  para- 
sitized by  Catolaccus  hunteri  and  Sigalphus  sp.  The  writer  has  bred 
another  chalcid,  Habrocytus  piercei  Cwfd.,  from  the  larva  of  the  weevil, 
the  adult  parasites  emerging  on  June  16  and  17. 

quadrigibbus  Say,  Tachypterus  (Apple  curculio) 

The  four-humped  brownish  beetles  .of  the  species  Tachypterus  quadri- 
gibbus were  found  occasionally  feeding  on  the  fruit  of  native  hawthorns 
in  June.  Fruits  of  Crataegus  punctata  were  put  into  rearing  cages  on 
June  25,  and  from  these  fruits  five  adults  of  this  species  emerged  on 
July  15  and  July  18. 

LEPIDOPTERA 
Papilionidae 

turnus  Linn.,  Papilio  (Tiger  swallowtail) 

The  green  larvae  of  Papilio  turnus,  with  their  peculiar  eye  spots,  were 
found  feeding  on  the  foliage  of  native  hawthorns  from  June  20  to  August  2. 
The  species  is  not  very  common. 


THE  INSECT  FAUNA  OF  THE  GENUS  CRATAEGUS  1073 

Saturniidae 

io  Fabr.,  Automeris 

The  eggs  of  Automeris  io  are  not  uncommon  on  the  under  side  of  haw- 
thorn leaves  in  late  June  and  in  July.  They  are  very  characteristic  and 
conspicuous.  A  cluster  of  eggs  may  consist  of  a  dozen  or  more,  each 
large  and  creamy  white  with  a  dark  blue  dot  on  the  distal  end.  The 
larvae  feed  in  colonies  on  the  foliage  during  July,  August,  and  September. 
They  are  at  first  dark,  then  green,  and  are  always  covered  with  a  mass  of 
dark,  stinging  spines. 

Arctiidae 

caryae  Harris,  Halisidota  (Hickory  tussock  moth) 

The  black-and-white-tufted  caterpillars  of  the  species  Halisidota  caryae 
are  fairly  common  on  native  hawthorns  during  August. 

tesselaris  A.  and  S.,  Halisidota 

The  caterpillars  of  Halisidota  tesselaris  are  similar  to  those  of  H.  caryae 
and  are  found  occasionally  on  the  foliage  with  them,  but  are  not  so 
common. 

textor  Harris,  Hyphantria  (Fall  webworm) 

A  single  colony  of  larvae  of  Hyphantria  textor  was  feeding  on  Crataegus 
pruinosa  on  July  31,  1918.  An  egg  cluster  which  was  probably  of  this 
species  hatched  on  June  19,  and  the  young  larvae  fed  on  C.  punctata  leaves 
for  a  few  days  and  then  died. 

Noctuidae 

americana  Harris,  Acronycta 

The  larvae  of  Acronycta  americana  are  green,  with  an  abundant  covering 
of  yellowish  white  hairs  and  a  few  long  pencils  of  black  hairs.  They  were 
found  feeding  on  the  leaves  of  native  hawthorns  in  late  June  and  July. 
The  species  is  not  common. 

dactylina  Grote,  Acronycta 

The  larvae  of  Acronycta  dactylina  are  entirely  covered  with  yellowish 
white  hairs  and  have  three  long  pencils  of  black  hairs.  They  were  feeding 
on  the  foliage  of  Crataegus  punctata  from  August  15  to  September.  The 
species  is  not  common. 

luteicoma  G.  and  R.,  Acronycta 

The  larvae  of  Acronycta  luteicoma  are  black,  with  tufts  of  white  hairs 
on  segments  3  to  6  and  tufts  of  black  hairs  on  the  other  segments.  ,  They 
were  found  feeding  on  Crataegus  punctata  leaves  from  June  23  to  July  22. 
The  species  is  not  common. 


1074  WALTER  H.  WELLHOUSE 

ocddentalis  G.  and  R.,  Acronycta 

The  larva  of  Acronycta  ocddentalis  is  hairy,  with  a  dark  head  and  dorsal 
stripes.  The  remainder  of  the  body  is  at  first  whitish  but  in  later  stages 
is  reddish.  Larvae  of  this  species  were  feeding  on  Crataegus  punctata 
foliage  from  August  13  to  September.  The  species  is  not  common. 

pyramidoides  Guen.,  Amphipyra 

The  larva  of  Amphipyra  pyramidoides  is  green,  with  a  white  dorsal 
and  two  yellow  lateral  stripes,  and  is  found  feeding  on  native  hawthorn 
leaves  in  May.  One  larva  constructed  a  silken  cocoon  among  dead  leaves 
on  the  ground  on  June  2  and  the  moth  emerged  on  July  18.  The  species  is 
not  common. 

raddijffei  Harv.,  Acronycta 

The  larva  of  Acronycta  radcliffei  is  greenish  or  black,  has  a  dorsal  line 
of  green  or  brown  with  faint  yellow  and  red  lines,  has  a  hump  on  segment 
12,  and  is  sparsely  hairy.  It  feeds  on  the  leaves  of  Crataegus  punctata 
from  June  29  to  July  22.  The  species  is  not  common. 

super ans  Guen.,  Acronycta 

The  larva  of  Acronycta  superans  is  green,  with  a  black  dorsal  line 
widened  into  a  spot  on  several  abdominal  segments  and  with  the  last 
segment  angularly  elevated.  There  are  few  hairs  on  the  body.  It  was 
feeding  on  Crataegus  punctata  leaves  from  June  9  to  July  1,  and  pupated 
in  a  silken  cocoon  among  leaves  and  decayed  wood  on  the  ground.  The 
moth  emerged  on  July  23.  Only  one  larva  was  found. 

Notodontidae 

concinna  A.  and  S.,  Schizura  (Red-humped  apple  caterpillar) 

The  brownish,  red-humped  larvae  of  Schizura  concinna  feed  on  leaves 
of  native  hawthorns  during  July,  August,  and  early  September.  Occa- 
sionally they  defoliate  several  branches  of  a  tree,  but  they  are  not  generally 
injurious  as  is  Datana  ministra.  They  seem  to  prefer  apple  to  hawthorn. 
On  July  27,  1918,  a  count  was  made  of  the  infested  trees  in  several  thickets 
where  seedling  apples  and  hawthorns  were  growing  together.  Although 
the  hawthorns  were  much  more  numerous  than  the  apples,  the  latter 
had  forty-six  infested  trees  while  the  former  had  only  three. 

manteo  Doub.,  Heterocampa 

The  larva  of  Heterocampa  manteo  is  bright  green  marked  with  red.  It 
was  found  feeding  on  the  foliage  of  native  hawthorns  in  late  June  and  in 
July.  The  species  is  not  very  common.  One  larva  taken  from  a  Crataegus 
punctata  tree  on  August  15  continued  to  feed  in  the  cage  until  September 
2,  when  it  wandered  away  to  find  a  suitable  place  for  spinning  its  cocoon. 


THE  INSECT  FAUNA  OF  THE  GENUS  CRATAEGUS  1075 

ministra  Dru.,  Datana  (Yellow-necked  apple  caterpillar) 

One  of  the  most  destructive  species  to  both  native  and  European  haw- 
thorns during  the  past  few  years  has  been  Datana  ministra.  Very  few 
trees  have  escaped  without  at  least  one  colony  of  these  yellow-necked, 
black-bodied,  gray-haired  caterpillars  feeding  on  a  branch  in  July  and 
August.  Many  trees  have  had  an  entire  branch  stripped  bare  of  leaves, 
and  occasionally  a  whole  tree  has  been  defoliated. 

The  light  brown  moths  appeared  and  were  found  ovipositing  during 
June  and  July.  The  clusters  of  white  eggs,  each  cluster  containing  from 
25  to  100,  were  deposited  on  the  lower  side  of  the  leaves  and  were  a  common 
sight  in  July.  The  larvae  of  a  colony  begin  to  feed  at  the  tip  of  a  branch 
and  migrate  toward  its  base  as  they  grow,  leaving  the  bare  branch  behind 
them.  As  they  become  larger  they  scatter  to  adjacent  branches  and  feed 
singly  or  by  twos  and  threes.  They  become  full-grown  and  enter  the  soil 
in  September. 

Several  observations  were  made  to  determine  whether  the  larvae  pre- 
fer hawthorn  to  apple.  When  confined  in  cages  they  eat  one  as  readily 
as  the  other.  In  the  natural  uncultivated  areas  where  hawthorn,  apple, 
and  pear  grow  wild,  however,  it  was  noticed  that  the  colonies  of  larvae 
were  commoner  on  hawthorn  than  on  the  other  trees.  In  one  field  con- 
taining 50  hawthorn,  39  apple,  and  17  pear  trees,  79  colonies  of  larvae  were 
counted.  Of  these  colonies  56  were  on  hawthorn,  15  on  apple,  and  8  on 
pear. 

Lymantriidae 

leucostigma  A.  and  S.,  Hemerocampa  (White-marked  tussock  caterpillar) 

The  larva  of  Hemerocampa  leucostigma,  with  its  bright  red  head,  its 
red  tubercles  on  segments  6  and  7  of  the  abdomen,  its  four  white  tussocks, 
and  its  three  long,  black  pencils  of  hairs,  is  a  common  sight  on  both  native 
and  European  hawthorns.  It  feeds  on  the  foliage  during  June  and  July, 
and  the  hairy  cocoons  are  common  on  the  branches  in  winter. 

Lasiocampidae 

americana  Harris,  Epicnaptera 

The  large  larva  of  Epicnaptera  americana  is  gray  with  white  spots  and 
two  red  bands  above,  and  orange  with  a  row  of  lateral  diamond-shaped 
black  spots  below.  It  feeds  at  night  on  Crataegus  punctata  foliage  in 
July  and  August.  The  species  is  not  common. 

americana  Fabr.,  Malacosoma  (Apple  tent  caterpillar) 

During  the  years  1917  to  1920,  only  the  old  egg  masses  of  Malacosoma 
americana  were  found  on  the  twigs  of  hawthorns  about  Ithaca.  Only  two 
colonies  of  larvae  were  seen  on  the  favorite  host,  wild  cherry,  and  only  one 
colony  on  apple. 


1076  WALTER  H.  WELLHOUSE. 

Geometridae 

cognataria  Guen.,  Lycia 

The  larva  of  Lycia  cognataria  is  green  and  is  4^  centimeters  long.  It 
has  two  pairs  of  prolegs.  On  its  head  are  blunt  horns,  and  it  bears  a 
prominent  red  tubercle  on  the  next  to  the  last  segment.  It  feeds  on 
Crataegus  punctata  and  C.  pruinosa  foliage  in  July.  It  is  not  a  common 
species. 

magnarius  Guen.,  Ennomos 

A  moth  of  Ennomos  magnarius  emerged  from  a  brown  silken  cocoon  on 
a  twig  of  Crataegus  pruinosa  on  September  30.  Eggs  were  found  on 
a  C.  punctata  twig  on  November  12.  The  brownish  larvae,  5  centimeters 
long,  were  found  occasionally  in  May  and  June. 

pometeria  Peck,  Alsophila  (Fall  canker  worm) 

The  small  greenish  or  brownish  larvae  of  Alsophila  pometeria  are  fairly 
common  on  native  hawthorns  in  May. 

subsignarius  Hub.,  Ennomos 

The  white  moths  of  Ennomos  subsignarius  emerged  on  July  6  and  July 
18  from  pale  yellowish  pupae  which  were  found  tied  with  silk  between 
the  leaves  of  Crataegus  punctata.  A  few  of  the  brown  and  red  larvae  were 
found  feeding  on  the  foliage  of  native  hawthorns  in  May. 

tiliaria  Harris,  Erranis  (Lime-tree  spanworm) 

The  yellow-and-black-striped  larvae  of  Erranis  tiliaria  are  common 
on  native  hawthorn  foliage  in  May  and  June. 

titea  Cram.,  Phigalia 

Two  larvae  of  Phigalia  titea  were  found  feeding  on  Crataegus  punctata 
leaves  on  June  2  and  June  5. 

vernata  Peck,  Paleacrita  (Spring  cankerworm) 

The  larvae  of  Paleacrita  vernata  are  common  on  foliage  of  native  and 
European  hawthorns  in  May  and  early  June. 

Sesiidae  (Aegeriidae) 

scitula  Harris,  Sesia 

A  single  Crataegus  punctata  tree  about  eight  years  old  and  5  feet  high 
was  killed  by  the  larvae  of  Sesia  scitula.  The  trunk  was  entirely  girdled 
by  four  larvae  which  tunneled  beneath  the  bark  two  inches  above  the 
soil.  The  sapwood  was  only  slightly  indented  by  their  burrows  around  it. 
They  pupated  during  June  in  silken  cocoons  covered  with  frass  within 
the  burrows,  and  the  moths  emerged  from  July  18  to  July  24.  In  emerg- 


THE  INSECT  FAUNA  or  THE  GENUS  CRATAEGUS  1077 

ing,  the  moth  pushes  through  one  end  of  the  cocoon,  and  then  sheds  the 
pupal  skin  while  protruding  about  two-thirds  of  its  length  beyond  the 
cocoon.  The  black,  clear- winged  moth  has  a  broad  and  a  narrow  band 
of  yellow  across  the  abdomen. 

Pyralidae 

indigenella  Zell.,  Mineola  (Leaf  crumpler) 

The  cornucopia-like  winter  cases  of  Mineola  indigenella,  a  leaf  crumpler, 
are  easily  seen  on  almost  any  hawthorn  tree  during  the  winter,  attached 
firmly  to  the  twigs  and  the  branches  and  often  with  partly  eaten  leaves 
attached.  The  larvae  carry  the  cases  with  them  and  feed  on  the  leaves 
in  April  and  May.  They  pupate  within  the  same  cases  attached  to  twigs 
in  June,  and  at  Ithaca  the  moths  emerge  in  late  June. 

Tortricidae 

argyrospila  Walk.,  Ar chips  (Fruit-tree  leaf  roller) 

The  greenish  larvae  of  Ar  chips  argyrospila,  with  their  black  heads  and 
shields,  are  fairly  abundant  on  the  foliage  of  native  hawthorns  during 
May  and  are  found  occasionally  in  June.  They  tie  together  a  cluster  of 
leaves  and  feed  on  a  leaf  within  the  cluster.  Moths  emerged  from  the 
larval  nests  in  late  June  and  early  July. 

chionosema  Zell.,  Olethreutes 

The  pale  green  larvae  of  Olethreutes  chionosema  .fold  the  leaves  of  native 
hawthorns  and  feed  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves  within  the  fold. 
Each  larva  folds  a  single  leaf  at  a 
time.  They  are  fairly  common  on 
the  hawthorns  and  apple  trees  about 
Ithaca  during  May.  The  moths  fly 
during  June  after  pupating  within  the 
folded  leaf.  A  few  moths  taken  on 
August  14  and  15  seem  to  indicate  a 
second  brood.  The  moth  (fig.  Ill)  is 
brownish,  with  a  large  white  spot  on 
the  costal  edge  of  the  fore  wing,  and 
has  a  wing  expanse  of  from  15  to 
16  millimeters.  FIG.  111.  OLETHREUTES  CHIONOSEMA 

nubeculana  Clem.,  Ancylis 

The  greenish  larvae  of  Ancylis  nubeculana  were  found  in  late  summer 
in  rolled  leaves  of  Crataegus  punctata.  They  pupated  in  May  and  the 
moths  emerged  from  June  8  to  June  18.  The  species  is  not  very 
common. 


1078  WALTER  H.  WELLHOUSE 

ocellana  Fabr.,  Tmetocera  (Bud  moth) 

The  brownish  larvae  of  Tmetocera  ocellana  are  commonly  found  in  the 
partly  opened  leaf  buds  in  April  and  May,  on  both  native  and  European 
hawthorns.  The  moths  emerge  from  the  larval  nests  in  June  and  early 
July. 

prunivora  Walsh,  Laspeyresia  (Lesser  apple  worm) 

The  small  white  caterpillars  of  Laspeyresia  prunivora  are  very  common 
in  the  fruit  of  many  native  hawthorns  in  late  summer.  They  eat  most  of 
the  pulp  from  one  side  of  the  fruit,  causing  the  skin  to  sink  in  there.  The 
larvae  of  the  second  generation  sometimes -remain  in  the  fruit  all  winter, 
living  within  a  mixture  of  silk  and  pellets  of  frass.  Others  spin  silken 
hibernacula  under  the  bark  of  the  trunk  very  similar  to  those  of  the  codling- 
moth  larvae  but  smaller.  They  pupate  within  the  hibernacula  in  the  spring 
and  the  moths  emerge  in  May  and  June.  In  the  laboratory  they  emerged 
in  March.  Moths  of  the  first  generation  were  taken  in  the  field  from 
August  15  to  August  30. 

quadrifasciana  Fern  ,  Eulia 

The  yellowish  larvae  of  Eulia  quadrifasciana  tie  together  with  silk  the 
leaves  of  terminal  clusters  on  Crataegus  punctata  in  May.  They  pupate 
within  the  larval  nests  and  the  moths  emerge  in  early  June.  The  moth  is 
yellow  and  orange,  with  darker  oblique  bands  on  the  fore  wings.  The 
species  is  not  very  common. 

rosaceana  Harris,  Cacoecia  (Oblique-banded  leaf  roller) 

Clusters  of  leaves  tied  together  by  the  larvae  of  Cacoecia  rosaceana  are 
fairly  common  on  all  native  hawthorns  in  May  and  July.  The  green- 
striped  larva,  with  its  brown  head  and  shield,  is  generally  found  on  a  singb 
leaf  under  a  slight  web,  feeding  on  one  side  of  the  leaf  only.  When  full- 
grown  the  larva  ties  a  cluster  of  leaves  together  to  pupate  within.  Moths 
emerged  from  these  nests  from  May  26  to  June  30,  and  a  second  brood 
emerged  from  August  1  to  August  15. 

Yponomeutidae 

oreasella  Clem.,  Argyresthia 

The  small,  green,  black-headed  larva  of  Argyresthia  oreasella  bores, 
through  a  terminal  leaf  bud  down  into  the  twig  and  makes  a  hole  in  the 
side  of  the  twig  about  J  inch  from  the  tip,  through  which  the  frass  is  cast 
out  of  the  burrow.  When  disturbed  the  larva  runs  quickly  out  of  either 
the  hole  in  the  twig  or  the  hole  in  the  bud,  to  escape.  Infested  twigs 
wilt  soon  after  the  larva  has  left  the  burrow,  and  then  become  brown  and 
dry,  giving  the  tree  a  fire-blighted  appearance  (fig.  112).  Larvae  of  this 
species  were  found  in  many  native  hawthorn  twigs  in  May.  They  leave  the 


THE  INSECT  FAUNA  OF  THE  GENUS  CRATAEGUS  1079 

twigs  when  full-grown,  and  spin  a  parchment -like  white  cocoon  surrounded 
by  an  open  layer  of  lacework  attached  to  the  surface  of  a  leaf.  The  moths 
emerged  from  June  15  to  June  30.  A  few  moths  taken  in  the  field  on 
August  16  seem  to  indicate  a 
second  brood.  The  moth  is 
slender,  and  is  whito  with  ob- 
lique gold  bands  on  the  fore 
wings  while  the  hind  wings 
are  dark  gray.  Its  wing  ex- 
panse is  about  13  millimeters. 
It  has  a  peculiar  habit  of 
standing  on  its  head  when  at 
rest  on  the  loaves  or  the  bark. 


Elachistidae 

fletcherella    Fern.,    Coleophora 

(Cigar  case-bearer) 
The  brown,  cigar-shaped 
cases  of  the  larvae  of  Coleo- 
phora fletcherella  are  common 
on  all  the  hawthorns  through-     FlQ  n2    TERMINAL  OF  HAW-THORN  TWIG  DESTROYED 
out  the  growing  season.    They  BY  LARVA  OP  ARGYRESTHIA  OREASELLA 

have  been  specially  abundant 

and  injurious  on  trees  and  hedges  of  Crataegus  oxyacantha,  the  European 
hawthorn,  during  the  years  1918  and  1919.  The  moths  emerged  from  the 
cases  in  late  June  and  July. 

malivorella  Riley,  Coleophora  (Pistol  case-bearer) 

The  curved  cases  of  the  larvae  of  Coleophora  malivorella  are  fairly 
common  on  hawthorns  but  not  so  abundant  as  those  of  C.  fletcherella. 

splendoriferella  Clem.,  Coptodisca  (Resplendent  shield-bearer) 

The  small,  yellowish  brown,  winter  shields  of  Coptodisca  splendoriferella 
are  rather  commonly  found  attached  to  the  bark  and  swinging  in  the 
wind  on  the  branches  of  native  hawthorns,  and  their  blotch  mines  in  the 
leaves  are  not  uncommon.  « 

Lyonetiidae 

pomifoliella  Clem.,  Bucculatrix  (Ribbed-cocoon-maker  of  apple) 

The  elongate,  white,  ribbed  cocoons  of  Bucculatrix  pomifoliella  are 
common  on  native  hawthorns  and  are  rather  noticeable  in  winter,  when 
the  trees  are  leafless.  The  moths  emerge  in  late  May. 


1080  WALTER  H.  WELLHOUSE 

Cosmopterygidae 

curvilineella  Chamb.,  Blastodacna  (Hawthorn  fruit  miner) 

The  larvae  of  Blastodacna  curvilineella  are  very  commonly  found 
tunneling  in  the  fruit  of  native  hawthorns  in  late  summer.  They  become 
full-grown  in  September  and  October,  when  they  leave  the  fruit  and 
burrow  into  the  ends  of  dead  twigs  or  other  decaying  wood  to  hibernate. 
The  hibernation  cavity  is  lined  with  silk,  and  in  the  early  spring  pupation 
takes  place  there.  The  moths  emerge  in  May  and  June.  They  are  gray, 
with  two  or  three  indistinct  dusky  longitudinal  short  streaks  on  the 
wings,  and  have  a  wing  expanse  of  1  centimeter. 

The  larva  is  from  9  to  10  millimeters  long.  In  color  it  is  yellowish 
white,  with  a  brown  head  and  thoracic  legs,  red  spots  near  the  spiracles, 
more  or  less  blackish  among  the  setae  on  the  dorsum  of  each  segment  but 
especially  noticeable  on  the  prothorax  and  the  anal  segment,  and  many 

patches  of  black  setae  arranged  as 
shown  in  figure  113.  It  feeds  on  the 
pulp  of  the  fruit  and  leaves  many 
brown  pellets  of  excrement  in  the  bur- 
,,  row  behind  it.  Often  one  whole  side 

FlG.    113.      LARVA   OF   BLASTODACNA  £          f       .,     •  ,  I  •        •  i 

CURVILINEELLA  of  a  fruit  ls  mined  out>  leaving  only 

the  skin  to  cover  it. 

The  moths  have  been  bred  from  larvae  in  Crataegus  pruinosa,  C.  neo- 
fluvialis,  and  C.  macracantha,  and  the  larvae  have  been  found  in  a  number 
of  other  native  hawthorns.  The  moth  has  been  reported  by  Chambers 
from  Kentucky  (1872)  and  from  Canada  (1875),  and  therefore  it  probably 
occurs  throughout  the  Eastern  States. 

A  closely  related  European  species,  B.  heller ella  Dup.,  feeds  in  the  fruit 
of  hawthorns  and  also  bores  into  young  apple  shoots  (page  1116).' 

DlPTERA 
Cecidomyiidae  (Itonididae) 

absobrina  Felt,  Rhizomyia 

crataegifolia  Felt,  Lestodiplosis  (Hawthorn  f ringed-cup  gall) 

Adults  of  both  Rhizomyia  absobrina  and  Lestodiplosis  crataegifolia 
have  been  reared  by  Dr.  Felt  from  larvae  in  the  galls.  The  galls  are 
green  and  cup-shaped,  and  are  covered  externally  with  round-tipped  spines 
4  or  5  millimeters  in  diameter  and  about  the  same  in  height  (figs.  114  and 
115).  They  .occur  on  the  larger  veins  and  petioles  of  leaves  and  on  the 
ends  of  young  twigs  of  Crataegus  pruinosa  and  C.  macracantha.  Several 
galls  are  commonly  found  in  a  group  on  the  same  or  adjoining  leaves. 
Those  on  the  leaves  are  on  the  upper  side,  but  extend  through  the  leaves 
to  form  a  smooth,  semi-globular  swelling  on  the  lower  side. 


THE  INSECT  FAUNA  OF  THE  GENUS  CRATAEGUS  1081 


FlG.    114.      HAWTHORN    FRINGED-CUP   GALLS 


FlG.    115.       CROSS     SECTION     THROUGH     A     HAWTHORN 
FRINGED-CUP   GALL 


1082 


WALTER  H.  WELLHOUSE 


White  larvae,  3.5  millimeters 
long  and  with  a  distinct  brown 
breast-bone,  were  found,  one  in 
each  gall,  in  June. 

crataegifolia    Felt,   Hormomyia 

(Thorn  cockscomb  gall) 
Green  or  red  cockscomb-like 
galls  (figs.  116  and  117)  produced 
by  Hormomyia  crataegifolia  are 
found  on  the  upper  or  the  lower 
side  of  leaves  of  Crataegus  pru- 
inosa,  C.  macrosperma,  and  C. 
coccinea.  They  are  often  in  groups 
on  a  leaf  or  a  cluster  of  leaves,  and 
each  gall  includes  a  vein.  The 
gall  is  from  8  to  12  millimeters 
long  and  5  millimeters  high,  and 
is  open  to  the  outside  by  a  long, 
narrow  slit  on  the  opposite  side 
of  the  leaf.  These  galls  are  found 
in  August. 

venae  Felt,  Lobopteromyia  (Thorn 

vein  gall) 
Round   or  oval,   thick-walled, 

green  galls  (figs.  118  and  119)  from  5  to  8  millimeters  long,  produced  by 
Lobopteromyia  venae,  are  found  on  either  the  upper  or  the  lower  surface  of 
leaves  of  Crataegus  punctata.  The  gall  opens  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
leaf  by  a  narrow  slit  which  extends  the  entire  length  of  the  gall  in  the 
direction  of  the  vein.  It  always  includes  one  of  the  larger  veins.  The 
galls  are  fairly  abundant  in  June,  when  several  may  be  found  on  one  leaf 
and  all  the  leaves  in  a  cluster  are  deformed. 

Cecidomyia  sp.  (a.  1840  Felt) 
(Thorn  spindle  gall) 

Red   or   green,  elongate 
spindle-shaped  galls  (figs.  120 
and  121)  2  millimeters  wide 
and  from  5  to  10  millimeters 
long,  produced  by  Cecidomyia 
sp.,  are  found  on  either  side     -v^MM^UA 
of  the  leaves  of  Crataegus     FlG   117     CROSS  SECTION  THROUGH  A  THORN  COCKS- 
punctata.     The  gall  opens  by  COMB  GALL 


FlG.    116.       THORN    COCKSCOMB    GALL 


THE  INSECT  FAUNA  OF  THE  GENUS  CRATAEGUS  1083 


FlG.  118.   THORN  VEIN  GALLS 


FlG.  119.   CROSS  SECTION  THROUGH  A  THORN  VEIN  GALL 


1084 


WALTER  H.  WELLHOUSE 


FlG.    120.    THORN    SPINDLE    GALLS 


FlG.    121.       CROSS     SECTION     THROUGH    A 
THORN    SPINDLE    GALL 


THE  INSECT  FAUNA  OF  THE  GENUS  CRATAEGUS 


1085 


FlG.    122.       PINEAPPLE    GALLS 


a  leaf  and  it  is  commonly  on  the 


a  long;,  narrow  slit  on  the  oppo- 
site side  of  the  leaf.  These  galte 
occur  very  commonly  in  groups 
on  the  same  leaf  or  on  adjoining 
leaves.  A  single  yellow  larva, 
1  millimeter  long,  and  slender, 
is  found  in  each  gall  in  July  or 
August. 

Pineapple  gall  (maker  unknown) 

Red  or  green  spiny  galls, 
shaped  and  armored  like  a  pine- 
apple (figs.  122,  123,  and  124), 
M  millimeters  in  diameter  and 
5  millimeters  high,  are  found 
on  the  upper  side  of  Crataegus 
punctata  leaves  in  July  and 
August.  The  pineapple  gall  is 
thick  and  is  covered  with  fleshy 
spines  at  the  base,  but  becomes 
slender,  with  long,  slender 
spines,  toward  the  apex,  which 
is  composed  of  two  flat,  leaflike, 
vertical  plates.  The  gall  opens 
between  these  two  plates.  Gen- 
erally .but  one  gall  is  found  on 
midvein. 


Trypetidae 

pomonella  Walsh,  Rhagoletis  (Apple  maggot) 

The  maggots  of  Rhagoletis  pomonella  have  been  reared  and  flies  obtained 
from  the  fruits  of  Crataegus  punctata,  C.  albicans,  C.  pruinosa,  C.  brainerdi, 
and  C.  macrosperma.  The  species  probably  lives  also  in  the  fruits  of 
other  large-fruited  .hawthorns. 
No  larvae  have  been  found  in 
the  small  fruits  of  C.  neofluvialis 
and  C.  oxyacantha,  although 
these  have  been  carefully 
watched.  The  maggots  leave 
the  fruit  to  enter  the  ground 
in  autumn,  and  the  flies  emerge 
from  the  brown  puparia  in  June 
and  July.  FIG.  123.  SIDE  VIEW  OF  PINEAPPLE  GALL 


1086 


WALTER  H.  WELLHOUSE 


All  of  the  flies  reared  on  hawthorns  are  equal  in  size  to  those  reared  on 
apple,  not  small  like  those  reared  on  the  blueberry.  Counts  were  made 

of  the  infested  and  the 
uninfested  fruits  from 
a  square  yard  beneath 
each  of  ten  trees  of  the 
three  species  first  men- 
tioned in  the  preced- 
ing paragraph.  The 
counts  showed  that 
from  20  to  25  per  cent 
of  the  samples  taken 
were  infested  by  the 

FlG.    124.       CROSS   SECTION   THROUGH    A    PINEAPPLE   GALL  maggots. 

| 

HYMENOPTERA 
Tenthredinidae 

cerqsi  Linn.,  Caliroa  (Pear  and  cherry  slug) 

The  sluglike  larvae  of  Caliroa  cerasi  were  in  a  few  localities  so  abundant 
that  they  defoliated  a  few  native  hawthorns  and  injured  a  number  of 
others.  In  August,  1918,  several  trees  on  the  Cornell  University  campus 
were  completely  defoliated,  while  neighboring  trees  were  untouched  by 
the  larvae. 

Sawfly  No.  1 

On  June  23,  1918,  a  leaf  of  Crataegus  pruinosa  was  found  with  a  row  of 
fourteen  eggs  inserted  in  the  margin.  The  eggs  hatched  on  June  28, 
and  a  row  of  little  green  larvae,  with  large,  black  heads  and  many  black 
dots  scattered  over  the  body,  began  to  feed  gregariously  on  the  edge  of 
the  leaf.  All  of  them  died  within  a  few  days. 

Sawfly  No  2 

On  May  24,  1918,  several  medium-sized  sawfly  larvae,  bright  green  all 
over,  were  seen  eating  separately  on  the  edges  of  Crataegus  punctata 
leaves. 

Sawfly  No.  3 

Sawfly  larvae,  with  red  heads  and  yellow  bodies  marked  with  black 
lines  and  dots,  were  found  feeding  on  the  leaves  of  Crataegus  punctata 
in  late  August,  1918.  They  were  feeding  two  or  three  together  on  a  leaf, 
and  fifteen  larvae  were  taken  from  one  tree.  When  they  became  about 
2  centimeters  long,  on  September  1  and  2,  they  spun  brown  cocoons  on 
the  ground  among  debris.  A  tree  with  ten  larvae  of  the  same  species 


THE  INSECT  FAUNA  OF  THE  GENUS  CRATAEGUS  1087 

feeding  on  it  was  found  on  September  19,  1919,  and  these  larvae  spun 
cocoons  on  the  ground  on  September  22  and  23. 

Sawfly  No.  4 

A  few  larvae  2J  centimeters  long,  with  black  heads  and  yellow  bodies 
marked  with  black  lines  and  dots,  were  found  feeding  on  the  foliage  of 
C.  pruinosa  in  July  and  August,  1918.  They  spun  brown  cocoons  on  top 
of  the  ground,  in  the  cages. 


1088  WALTER  H.  WELLHOUSE 


LITERATURE  CITED 

BAKER,  A.  C.     The  woolly  apple  aphis.     U.  S.  Agr.  Dept.     Kept.  101 : 
1-55.     1915. 

CHAMBERS,  V.   T.     [Blastodacna  curvilineella]  G.I  curvilineella.     N.   sp. 
In  Micro-Lepidoptera.     Canad.  ent,  4  : 172-173.     1872. 

[Blastodacna  curvilineella]  G.  bicristatella.     N.  sp.     In  Tineina 


from  Canada:     Canad.  ent.  7:210.     1875. 

CUSHMAN,  R.  A.  The  native  food-plants  of  the  apple  red-bugs.  Ent. 
Soc.  Washington.  Proc.  18:196.  1916. 

DIETZ,  WILLIAM  G.  A.  nebulosus  Lee.  In  Revision  of  the  genera  and 
species  of  Anthonomini  inhabiting  North  America.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc. 
Trans.  18:203-204.  1891. 

FELT,  EPHRAIM  PORTER.  Wild  thorn.  In  Insects  affecting  park  and 
woodland  trees.  New  York  State  Mus.  Memoir  82: 734-735.  1906. 

GIBSON,  EDMUND  H.  Corythucha  bellula  new  species.  In  The  c,enus 
Corythucha  Stal.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  44:93-94.  1918. 

HODGKISS,  H.  E.  Ceresa  taurina  Fitch.  In  The  apple  and  pear  membra- 
cids.  New  York  (Geneva)  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Tech.  bul.  17: 100-105.  1910. 

KALTENBACH,  J.  H.  Die  Pflanzenfeinde  aus  der  Klasse  der  Insekten, 
p.  1-848.  (Reference  on  p.  207-213.)  1872. 

KNUTH,  PAUL.  Crataegus  L.  In  Handbook  of  flower  pollination,  2:385- 
388.  (Translated  by  J.  R.  Ainsworth  Davis.)  1908. 

LECONTE,  JOHN  L.  A.  nebulosus,  n.  sp.  In  The  Rhynchophora  of 
America,  north  of  Mexico.  Amer.  Philosoph.  Soc.  Proc.  15 : 197.  1876. 

MORRILL,  AUSTIN  W.  Notes  on  the  immature  stages  of  some  tingitids 
of  the  genus  Corythuca.  Psyche  10:127-134.  1903. 

PACKARD,  ALPHEUS  S.  Insects  affecting  the  wild  thorn.  In  Fifth 
report  of  the  United  States  Entomological  Commission  on  insects 
injurious  to  forest  and  shade  trees,  p.  532-537.  1890. 

PIERCE,  W.  DWIGHT.  The  insect  enemies  of  the  cotton  boll  weevil. 
U.  S.  Ent.  Bur.  Bul.  100: 1-99.  1912. 


THE  INSECT  FAUNA  OF  THE  GENUS  CRATAEGUS  1089 

THEOBALD,  FRED  V.  The  app'e  blossom  weevil.  In  The  insect  and  other 
allied  pests  of  orchard,  bush,  and  hothouse  fruits,  and  their  prevention 
and  treatment,  p.  104-110.  1909. 

WELLHOUSE,  WALTER  H.  Xanthonia  villosula  Melsh.  injuring  forest 
trees.  Journ.  econ.  ent.  12:396-397.  1919. 


Memoir  52,  Studies  in  Pollen,  with  Special  Reference  to  Longevity,  the  fourth  preceding  number  in  this 
series  of  publications,  was  mailed  on  March  9,  1922. 


1090  ACARINA 


CATALOG  OF  INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  CRATAEGUS3 
ACARINA 

armatus  Can.,  Epetrimerus Fam.  Phyllocoptidae 

Host  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha. 
Injury  —  Forms  galls  on  leaves. 
Distributio  i  —  Europe.  4 

References  —  Houard,  C.     Les  zoocecides  des  plantes  d'Europe,  1 : 515.     1908. 
Theobald,  F.  V.     Board  Agr.  London.     Journ.  20:106-116.     1913. 

calycobius  Nal.,  Eriophyes Fam.  Eriophyidae 

Host  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha. 

Injury  —  Deforms  leaf  buds  and  causes  them  to  remain  closed. 

Distribution  —  Europe. 

Reference  —  Ross,  H.     Die  Pflanzengallen  Mittel-  und  Nordeuropas,  p.  132.     1911. 

crataegi  Can.,  Eriophyes Fam.  Eriophyidae 

Host  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha. 

Injury  —  Forms  galls  on  leaves,  on  both  upper  and  lower  surfaces.    A  single  leaf  may 

have  a  hundred  galls  on  it. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 
Reference  —  Connold,  E.  T.     British  vegetable  galls,  p.  132.     1902. 

crataegi-vermiculus  Walsh,  Eriophyes Fam.  Eriophyidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus  tomentosa,  C.  crus-galli. 

Injury  —  Forms  curled  leaf  galls  on  upper  side  of  leaf. 

Distribution  —  North  America. 

Reference  —  Walsh,  B.  D.     Ent.  Soc.  Philadelphia.     Proc.  6:227.     1866. 

goniothorax  Nal.,  Eriophyes Fam.  Eriophyidae 

Synonyms  —  Erineum  oxyacanthae  Am.,  Erineum  clandestinum  Grev. 

Host  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha. 

Injury  —  Forms  galls  on  edges  of  lobes  of  leaf,  causing  them  to  curl  downward  and 

become  thickened. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 
References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  213.     1872. 

Connold,  E.  T.     British  vegetable  galls,  p.  138.     1902. 

pilosus  Can.,  Tetranychus Fam.  Tetranychidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Malus,  Pyrus,  Prunus. 

Injury  —  Feeds  on  leaves,  causing  them  to  turn  brownis\ 

Distribution  —  Europe,  North  America. 

Reference  —  Caesar,  L.     Can.  ent.  47:57.     1915. 

pyracanthae  Link.,  Eriophyes ?.  .Fam.  Eriophyidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus  punctata,  C.  pyracantha. 

Injury  —  Makes  galls  on  leaves.     Galls  almost  flat,  reddish,  covered  with  many  fine, 

capitate  hairs. 

Distribution  —  North  America. 
Reference  —  Chadwick,  G.  H.     New  York  State  Mus.     Bui.  124:131.     1908. 

pyri  Pagst.,  Eriophyes  (Pear  leaf  blister  mite) Fam.  Eriophyidae 

Hosts  —  Pyrus,  Malus,  Crataegus,  Cydonia,  Sorbus,  Amelanchier. 
Injury  —  Makes  yellowish  or  reddish  blisters  on  leaves. 


1  The  insects  are  grouped  according  to  order,  and  arranged  alphabetically  by  species  within  the  order. 


ACAEINA  —  ORTHOPTERA  —  ODONATA  —  HEMIPTERA       1091 

Distribution  —  Europe,  North  America,  Australia. 

References  —  Slingerland,  M.  V.,  and  Crosby,  C.  R.     Manual  of  fruit  insects,  p.  227. 

1914. 

Wilson,  H.  F.     Oregon  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.     Bien.  crop  pest  and  hort.  rept. 
2:123.     1915. 

ielarius  Linn.,  Tetranychus  (Red  spider) Fam.  Tetranychidae 

(See  page  1051.) 

Eriophyes  sp.  (Hawthorn  serpentine  gall  of  Jarvis) Fam.  Eriophyidae 

Host  —  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Makes  long,  irregular,  wavy  galls  on  upper  surface  of  leaves. 
Distribution  —  North  America. 

Reference  —  Jarvis,  T.  D.     Ent.  Soc.  Ont.     Rept.  37:60.     1906. 
(Figs.  102  and  103,  pages  1052  and  1053.) 

ORTHOPTERA 

atlanis  Riley,  Melanoplus Fam.  Acridiidae 

(See  page  1054.) 

bivitattus  Say,  Melanoplus Fam.  Acridiidae 

(See  page  1054.) 

femur-rubrum  De  Geer,  Melanoplus .Fam.  Acridiidae 

(See  page  1054.) 

niveus  De  Geer,  Oecanthus  (Snowy  tree  cricket) Fam.  Gryllidae 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Rubus,  Salix,  Crataegus,  Ulmus,  Quercus,  and  other  species. 

Injury  —  Female  slits  bark  to  deposit  eggs.     Slits  give  entrance  to  cankers  and  cause 

scars  on  branches. 

Distribution  —  North  America,  Cuba. 

Reference  —  Parrott,  P.  J.,  and  Fulton,  B.  B.     New  York  (Geneva)  Agr.  Exp.  Sta. 
Bui.  388.     1914. 

ODONATA 

v iridis  v.  d.  Lind.,  Lestes Fam.  Agrionidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha  and  other  species. 

Injury  —  Oviposition  punctures  in  twigs  cause  galls  to  form. 

Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Pierre,  P.  F.  M.     Rev.  sci.  Bourbonnais  15: 181.     1902. 

Houard,  C.     Les  zoocecides  des  plantes  d'Europe,   1:514.     1908. 

HEMIPTERA 

aceris  Sign.,  Phenacoccus .' Fam.  Coccidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha  and  many  other  woody  plants. 

Injury  —  Sucks  sap  from  tender  bark  of  young  shoots  and  calloused  wounds.     Some- 
times seriously  injures  grape. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 
References  —  Lindinger,  L.     Die  Schildlause,  p.  214.     1912. 

Carpenter,  G.  H.     Roy.  Dublin  Soc.     Econ.  proc.  2: 142-160.     1914. 

ambiguus  Fall.,  Psallus Fam.  Miridae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Pyrus,  Malus,  Alnetis. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Reuter,  O.  M.     Hemiptera  gymnocerata  Europae  1 : 105.     1878. 
Leonardi,  G.     Gli  insetti  4:98.     1901. 


1092  HEMIPTERA 

bakeri  Cowen,  Aphis  (Clover  aphid) : .  .  .Fam.  Aphididae 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Crataegus,  clover. 

Injury  —  Sucks  juice  from  opening  buds  of  fruit  trees. 

Distribution  —  North  America. 

References  —  Quaintance,  A.  L.,  and  Baker,  A.  C.     U.  S.  Agr.  Dept.     Farmers'  bul. 

804:15.     1917. 
Patch,  E.  M.     Maine  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.    Bul.  270:49.     1918.     .- 

bellula  Gibson,  Corythucha Fam.  Tingitidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus  neofluvialis,  C.  punctata,  C.  albicans,  Alnus  incana,  Ribes  oxyacan- 

thoides. 
Injury  —  Bot'i  young  and  adult  bugs  suck  juice  from  leaves,  causing  them  to  turn  brown 

and  drop  off.   . 

Distribution  —  Northeastern  United  States,  Canada. 
References  —  Gibson,  E.  H.     Amer.  Ent.  Soc.     Trans.  44:93.     1918. 

Wellhouse,  W:  H.     Journ.  econ.  ent.  12:441.     1919. 
(Plates  LXXII  and  LXXIII,  pages  1057  and  1059.) 

betulae  Bar.,  Epidiaspis  (European  pear  scale) Fam.  Coccidae 

Synonyms  —  Epidiaspis  leperi  Sign.,  E.  piricola  De  Geer,  Diaspis  piri  Colv. 

Hosts  —  Pyrus,  Malus,  Prunus,  Crataegus,  and  other  species. 

Injury  —  Very  injurious  to  young  twigs  and  branches  of  apple  and  pear  in  southern 

Europe,  where  the  bark  becomes  incrusted. 
Distribution  —  South  and  middle  Europe,  United  States. 
References  —  Lindinger,  L.     Die  Schildlause,  p.  213.     1912. 

Essig,  E.  0.     Injurious  and  beneficial  insects  of  California,  p.  172.     1915. 

bituberculatum  Targ.,  Lecanium Fam.  Coccidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha,  Malus,  Pyrus. 

Injury  —  Sucks  sap  from  bark,  sometimes  killing  young  trees. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  North  America. 

References  —  Sorauer,  P.     Handbuch  der  Pflanzenkrankheiten  3:695.     1913. 

Dietz,  H.  F.,  and  Morrison,  H.     Indiana  State  Ent.     Ann.  rept.  8:254. 
1916. 

brevis  Sand.,  Aphis  (Long-beaked  clover  aphid) Fam.  Aphididae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Cydonia,  Pyrus,  clovers,  sweet  pea. 

Injury  —  Curls  and  turns  purplish  the  terminal  leaves  of  Crataegus  shoots  during  June. 

Distribution  —  United  States. 

Reference  —  Patch,  E.  M.     Journ.  agr.  res.  3:431.     1915. 

brunnea  Gibson,  Corythucha Fam.  Tingitidae 

Host  —  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Sucks  juice  from  foliage. 

Distribution — Southern  United  States. 

Reference  —  Gibson,  E.  H.     Amer.  Ent.  Soc.     Trans.  44:93.     1918. 

bubalis  Fabr.,  Ceresa  (Buffalo  tree  hopper) Fam.  Membracidne 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Crataegus,  and  other  species. 

Injury  —  Adult  makes  incisions,  in  branches  'for  oviposition.     Incisions  are  slow  to 

heal  and  allow  entrance  of  borers  and  fungi. 
Distribution  —  North  America. 
References  —  Packard,  A.  S.     Fifth  rept.  U.  S.  Ent.  Comm.,  p.  535.     1890. 

Hodgkiss,  H.  E.     New  York  (Geneva)  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.     Tech.  bul.  17:92. 
1910. 

clitellarius  Say,  Thamnotettix Fam.  Cicadellidae 

(See  page  1061.) 


HEMIPTERA  1093 

coccinea  Forst.,  Graphocephala Fam.  Cicadellidae 

(See  page  1061.) 

communis  Knight,  Lygus Fam.  Miridae 

(See  page  1054.) 

corni  Bouch£,  Lecanium  (European  fruit  lecanium) Fam.  Coccidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Malus,  Prunus,  and  other  species. 

Injury  —  May  suck  so  much  sap  from  branches  as  to  kill  them,  but  commoner  injury  is 
due  to  growth  of  sooty  fungus  over  sticky  sacretion  which  the  insects  drop  on  foliage, 
fruit,  and  branches. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  North  America. 
References  —  Sorauer,  P.     Handbuch  der  Pflanzenkrankheiten  3 : 695.     1913. 

Slingerland,  M.  V.,  and  Crosby,  C.  R.     Manual  of  fruit  insects,  p.  261. 
1914. 

corrugatans  Sir.,  Pemphigus  (Woolly  thorn  aphis) Fam.  Aphididae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Amelanchier,  Pyrus,  Cydonia. 

Injury  —  Distorts  leaves  into  a  rolled  curl. 

Distribution  —  North  America. 

References  —  Patch,  E.  M.     Maine  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  233.     1914. 

Quaintance,  A.  L.,  and  Baker,  A.  C.     U.  S.  Agr.  Dept.     Farmers'  bul. 
804:19.     1917. 

coryli  Linn.,  Lecanium Fam.  Coccidae 

Synonyms  —  Eulecanium  pyri  Schr.,  Lecanium  capreae  Linn. 
Hosts  —  Malus,  Crataegus,  Pyrus,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Sucks  sap  from  bark,  not  commonly  injurious. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  North  America. 

References  —  Theobald,  F.  V.     Insect  pests  of  fruits,  p.  175.     1909. 
Lindinger,  L.     Die  Schildlause,  p.  216.     1912. 

costalis  Flor.,  Psylla Fam.  Psyllidae 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Crataegus,  Sorbus,  Quercus. 

Distribution  —  Europe. 

Refere  ce  —  Harrison,  J.  W.  H.     Naturalist  (London),  no.  707,  p.  400.     1915. 

crataegarium  Walk.,  Macrosiphum Fam.  Aphididae 

Host  —  Crataegus  oxyacaniha. 

Distribution  —  Enlgand. 

References  —  Walker,  F.     Ann.  mag.  nat.  hist.  6: 46.     1850. 

Theobald,  F.  V.     Journ.  econ.  biol.  8: 142.     1913. 

crataegi  Kalt.,  Aphis Fam.  Aphididae 

Synonyms  —  Aphis  pyri  Boyer,  A,  crataegi  Koch,  A.  ranunculi  Kalt. 

Hosts  —  Crataegus  oxyaccintha,  C.  azarolus,  Malus,  Ranunculus. 

Injury  —  Curls,  discolors,  and  blisters  leaves  on  terminal  shoots. 

Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Dobrovliansky,  V.  V.     Biology  of  aphids  of  tree  and  bush  fruits  (Kiev). 

1913. 

Van  der  Goot,  P.     Hollandischen  Blattlause,  p.  174.     1915. 
Theobald,  F.  V.    Entomologist  48 : 259.     1915. 

crataegi  Fitch,  Glossonotus  (Hawthorn  tree  hopper) Fam.  Membracidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Malus,  Cydonia. 

Distribution  —  North  America. 

References  —  Fitch,  A.     Third  annual  report  on  noxious  insects  of  New  York,  p.  334. 

1856. 
Funkhouser,  W.  D.    Cornell  Univ.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.    Memoir  11:248.    1917. 


1094  HEMIPTERA 

crataegi  VanD.,  Idiocerus Fam.  Cicadellidae 

Host  —  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Adults  and  young  suck  juice  from  foliage. 

Distribution  —  North  America. 

Reference  —  Van  Duzee,  E.  P.     Can.  ent.  22 : 110.     1890. 

crataegi  Monell,  Macrosiphum Fam.  Aphididae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus  punctate,  C.  coccinea,  C.  oxyacantha. 

Injury  —  Sucks  juice  from  lower  side  of  leaves  and  from  tender  twigs.     Leaves  curl 

downward  and  in  severe  infestations  trees  may  be  defoliated. 
Distribution  —  North  America. 

Reference  —  Patch,  E.  M.     Maine  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  233:255.     1914. 
(Fig.  108,  page  1063.) 

crataegi  Tullgr.,  Prociphilus Fam.  Aphididae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha,  Malus. 

Injury  —  Curls  and  discolors  leaves  and  sometimes  injures  blossoms. 

Distribution  —  Europe. 

Reference  —  Van  der  Goot,  P.     Hollandischen  Blattlause,  p.  450.     1915. 

crataegi  Schr.,  Psylla Fam.  Psyllidae 

Synonym  —  Chermes  quercus  Thorns. 

Hosts  —  Cratiegus  oxyacantha,  Quercus  sp. 

Injury  —  Causes  small  red  blisters  to  form  on  upper  side  of  leaves. 

Distribution  —  Europe. 

Reference  —  Aulmann,  G.     Psyllidarum  catalogus,  p.  13.     1913. 

crataegi  Dgl.,  Typhlocyba Fam.  Cicadellidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha,  apple  (?). 

Injury  —  Nymphs  and  adults  suck  juice  from  foliage,  but  commonly  they  are  not 

numerous  enough  to  cause  much  injury. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 
References  —  Douglas,  J.  W.     Ent.  mo.  mag.  12:203.     1876. 

Melichar,  L.     Cicadinen  von  Mittel-Europe,  p.  348.     1896. 

crataegiella  Theobald,  Aphis Fam.  Aphididae 

Synonym  —  Aphis  crataegi  Buck. 

Host  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha. 

Injury  —  Curls  and  discolors  leaves  of  terminal  shoots,  which  turn  reddish  brown. 

Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Buckton,  G.  B.     Monograph  of  British  aphides,  2:35.     1879. 

Theobald,  F.  V.     List  of  Aphididae  of  Hastings  District,  p.  9.     1912. 

crataegifoliae  Fitch,  Aphis Fam.  Aphididae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus  punctata,  C.  coccinea,  C.  oxyacantha,  C.  tomentosa,  Cydonia,  legumes. 
Injury  —  Curls  and  discolors  leaves  and  young  shoots,  turning  them  purplish. 
Distribution  —  North  America. 

Reference  —  Quaintance,  A.  L.,  and  Baker,  A.  C.     U.  S.  Agr.  Dept.     Farmers'  bul. 
804:18.     1917. 

crataegus-coccinea  Rafin.,  Aphis Fam.  Aphididae 

Host  —  Crataegus  coccinea. 
Distribution  —  North  America. 

References  —  Rafinesque,  C.  S.     Amer.  mo.  mag.  and  crit.  rev.  3 : 16.     1818. 
Patch,  E.  M.     Maine  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.     Bul.  270:48.     1918. 

curtisii  Fb.,  Euscelis Fam.  Cicadellidae 

(See  page  1161.) 


HEMIPTERA  1095 

cydoniae  Fitch,  Corythucha Fam.  Tingitidae 

Synonyms  —  Corythucha  arcitata  Comst.,  C.  crataegi  O.  &  D. 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Cydonia. 

Injury  —  Nymphs  and  adults  suck  juice  from  leaves,  causing  them  to  turn  brown. 

Distribution  —  North  America. 

References  —  Fitch,  A.     Country  gent.  17: 25.     1861. 

Comstock,  J.  H.     U.  S.  Ent.     Kept.  1879:221.     1879. 

Gibson,  E.  H.    Amer.  Ent.  Soc.     Trans.  44:87.     1918. 

dearnessi  King,  Phenacoccus Fam.  Coccidae 

Synonym  —  Phenacoccus  betheli  Ckll. 
Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Amelanchier. 
Distribution  —  Canada,  United  States, 

Reference  —  Ferris,  G.  F.      Contribution  to  knowledge  of  Coccidae  of  southwestern 
United  States,  p.  68.     1919. 

dislocatus  Say,  Horcias Fam.  Miridae 

(See  page  1054.) 

dumetorum  Schiff.,  Physatocheila Fam.  Tingitidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha,  Pyrus  communis,  Prunus  padus,  P.  spinosa. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Egypt. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  213.     1872. 

Saunders,  E.     Hemiptera  of  British  Islands,  p.  135.     1892. 

edentula  Buck.,  Aphis Fam.  Aphididae 

Host  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha. 

Distribution  —  Europe. 

Reference  —  Buckton,  G.  B.     Monograph  of  British  aphides,  2:39.     1879. 

fitchi  VanD.,  Idiocerus  (Black  apple  leaf  hopper) Fam.  Cicadellidae 

Synonym  —  Idiocerus  maculipennis  Fitch. 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Malus,  Pyrus. 

Injury  —  Adults  and  young  suck  juice  from  foliage.     Not  commonly  injurious. 

Distribution  —  North  America. 

References  —  Van  Duzee,  E.  P.     Catalog  of  Hemiptera,  p.  580.     1916. 

Brittain,  W.  H.,  and  Saunders,  L.  G.     Can.  ent.  49:149.     1917. 

flavicephala  Coding,  Ophiderma Fam.  Membracidae 

(See  page  1063.) 

furfura  Fitch,  Chionaspis  (Scurfy  scale) Fam.  Coccidae 

Hosts  —  About  25  tree  species,  including  Crataegus,  Malus,  Pyrus,  Cydonia,  Sorbus. 
Injury  —  Occasionally  incrusts  bark  of  trees  and  greatly  weakens  or  kills  them. 
Distribution  —  North  America. 
References  —  Slingerland,  M.  V.,  and  Crosby,  C.  R.     Manual  of  fruit  insects,  p.  176. 

1914. 
Essig,  E.  O.     Injurious  and  beneficial  insects  of  California,  p.  158.     1915. 

hederae  Vail.,  Aspidiotus Fam.  Coccidae 

Synonym  —  Aspidiotus  nerii  Bouch6.- 

Hosts  —  Many  woody  and  herbaceous  plants,  including  Crataegus  azarolus. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia,  North  Africa  (on  Crataegus  in  Algeria),  North  America. 
References  —  Lindinger,  L.     Die  Schildlause,  p.  213.     1912. 

Sorauer,  P.     Handbuch  der  Pflanzenkrankheiten  3:689.     1913. 

lachrymalis  Fb.,  Idiocerus Fam.  Cicadellidae 

(See  page  1061.) 


1096  HEMIPTERA 

lanigera  Hausm.,  Eriosoma  (Woolly  aphis) Fam.  Aphididae 

Synonyms  —  Eriosoma  crataegi  Oest.,  Schizoneura  americana  Riley. 
Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Malus,  Ulmus  americana. 

Injury  —  Sucks  sap  from  tender  shoots,  branches,  and  roots,  often  stunting  growth. 
Distribution  —  North  America,  Europe,  Africa,  Australia,  South  America. 
References  —  Theobald,  F.  V.     Insect  pests  of  fruits,  p.  141.     1909. 
Baker,  A.  C.     U.  S.  Agr.  Dept.     Kept.  101.     1915. 
Becker,  G.  G.     Journ.  econ.  ent.  1 1 : 245.     1918. 
(Fig.  109,  page  1064.) 

lineatus  Linn.,  Philaenus Fam.  Cicadellidae 

(See  page  1061.) 

mali  LeB.,  Empoasca  (Apple  leaf  hopper) Fam.  Cicadellidae 

(See  page  1061.) 

mali  Schmid.,  Psylla : Fam.  Payllideu 

Synonym  —  Psylla  crataegicola  Forst. 

Hosts  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha,  Malus,  Pyrus,  Sorbus,  Quercus,  Ulmus,  Corylus. 

Injury  —  Nymphs  suck  juice  from  foliage  and  blossoms,  and  prevent  setting  of  fruit. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia,  Nova  Scotia. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  213.     1872. 

Theobald,  F.  V.     Insect  pests  of  fruits,  p.  153.     1909. 

Brittain,  W.  H.     Journ.  econ.  ent.  15:96.     1922. 

malinus  Reuter,  Heterocordylus  (Dark  apple  redbug) Fam.  Miridae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Malus. 

Injury  —  Nymphs  and  adults  puncture  leaves  and  fruit  to  suck  juice.     Cause  dimples 

in  fruit,  which  deform  it. 

Distribution  —  Northeastern  United  States,  Canada. 
References  —  SUngerland,  M.  V.,  and  Crosby,  C.  R.     Manual  of  fruit  insects,  p.  28. 

1914. 
Cushman,  R.  A.     Ent.  Soc.  Washington.     Proc.  18:196.     1916. 

marutae  Oest.,  Aphis Fam.  Aphididae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Anthemis  cotula. 

Distribution  —  North  America. 

References  —  Oestlund,  O.  W.    Aphididae  of  Minnesota,  p.  40.     1886. 

Hunter,  1901,  p.  101.  (Cited  by  Patch,  E.  M.     Maine  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui. 
270:49.     1918.) 

melanoneura  Forst.,  Psylla Fam.  Psyllidae 

Synonym  —  Psylla  crataegi  Forst. 

Hosts  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha,  Quercus,  and  other  species. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia. 

References  —  Aulmann,  G.     Psyllidarum  catalogus,  p.  20.    1913. 

Harrison,  J.  W.  H.     Naturalist  (London),  no.  707,  p.  400.     1915. 

mendax  Reuter,  Lygidea  (Bright  apple  redbug) Fam.  Miridae 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Nymphs  and  adults  puncture  leaves  and  fruit  to  suck  juice,  and  cause  dimples 

in  fruit. 

Distribution  —  Northeastern  United  States,  Canada. 
References  —  SUngerland,  M.  V.,  and  Crosby,  C.  R.     Manual  of  fruit  insects,  p.  28. 

1914. 
Cushman,  R.  A.     Ent.  Soc.  Washington.     Proc.  18:196.     1916. 

mespili  v.d.G.,  Ovatus Fam.  Aphididae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha,  Mespilus  germanica. 


HEMIPTERA  1097 

Injury  —  Sucks  sap  from  tender  shoots  and  leaves. 

Distribution  —  Europe. 

Reference  —  Van  der  Goot,  P.     Hollandischen  Blattlause,  p.  136.     1915. 

nigrofasciatum  Perg.,  Lecanium  (Terrapin  scale) Fam.  Coccidae 

Hosts  —  Prunus,  Acer,  Malus,  Crataegus,  Tilia,  Platanus,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Sucks  sap  from  bark  and  secretes  much  sticky  liquid,  which  covers  surface  of 
branches,  foliage,  and  fruit  and  on  which  a  sooty  fungus  grows,  thus  rendering  fruit 
unsalable. 
1       Distribution  —  North  America. 

References  —  Felt,  E.P.     New  York  State  Mus.     Memoir  81 : 201.     1905. 

Slingerland,  M.  V.,  and  Crosby,  C.  R.     Manual  of  fruit  insects,  p.  293. 
1914. 

obliqua  Say,  Erythroneura Fam.  Cicadellidae 

(See  page  1061.) 

oleae  Col vee,  Parlatoria Fam.  Coccidae 

Hosts  —  Many  woody  plants,  including  Crataegus  germanica. 

Injury  —  May  incrust  the  bark,  and  sometimes  the  leaves  and  the  fruit,  of  trees  of  the 

genera  Citrus,  Pyrus,  and  Olea  especially. 
Distribution  —  Mediterranean  region. 
References  —  Lindinger,  L.     Die  Schildlause,  p.  213.     1912. 

Sorauer,  P.     Handbuch  der  Pflanzenkrankheiten  3 : 694.     1913. 

olivaceus  Fabr.,  Deraeocoris Fam.  Miridae 

Synonym  —  Capsus  medius  Kirschb. 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Crataegus,  Primus,  Corylus. 

Injury  —  Sucks  juice  from  foliage. 

Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  213.     1872. 

Reuter,  O.  M.     Hemiptera  gymnocerata  Europae  5 : 30.     1896. 

ornatus  VanD.,  Orthotylus Fam.  Miridae 

(See  page  1055.) 

ostreiformis  Curt.,  Aspidiotus  (European  fruit-tree  scale) Fam.  Coccidae 

Synonym  —  Aspidiotus  oxyacanthae  Sign. 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Prunus,  Pyrus,  Crataegus,  and  many  other  woody  plants. 
Injury  —  May  completely  incrust  the  bark  and  kill  the  tree. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia  Minor,  North  America. 
References  —  Theobald,  F.  V.     Insect  pests  of  fruits,  p.  386.     1909. 
Lindinger,  L.     Die  Schildlause,  p.  213.     1912. 

ostryae  Knight,  Lygus ' Fam.  Miridae 

(See  page  1055.) 

oxyacanthae  Schr.,  Myzus •. Fam.  Aphididae 

Synonym  —  Aphis  oxyacanthae  Koch. 

Hosts  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha,  Pyrus,  Malus,  Prunus. 

Injury  —  Sucks  juice  from  leaves,  causing  yellow  or  red  swellings  on  them  and  making 

them  curl. 

Distribution  —  Europe. 
References  —  Koch,  C.  L.     Pflanzenlause,  p.  55.     1857. 

Ross,  H.     Die  Pflanzengallen  Mittel-  und  Nordeuropas,  p.  132.     1911. 

padi  Linn.,  Rhopalosiphum Fam.  Aphididae 

Synonyms  —  Aphis  avenae  Fabr.,  Aphis  padi  Kalt. 
Hosts  —  Prunus  padus,  Crataegus,  Malus,  Pyrus,  grasses. 


1098  HEMIPTERA 

Injury  —  Sucks  juice  from  opening  buds  of  fruit  trees  in  early  spring. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  North  America. 

References  —  Leonardi,  G.     Gli  insetti  4: 228.     1901. 

Baker,  A.  C.     Journ.  agr.  res.  18:311.     1919. 

pallidus  Fb.,  Idiocerus Fam.  Cicadellidae 

(See  page  1062.) 

pellucida  Uhl.,  Diaphnidia : . Fam.  Miridae 

(See  page  1055.) 

peregrina  Forst.,  Psylla Fam.  Psyliidae 

Synonym  —  Psylla  crataegicola  Flor. 

Hosts  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha,  Carpinus  betulus. 

Injury  —  Sucks  juice  from  young  shoots  and  foliage. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia. 

Reference  —  Aulmann,  G.     Psyllidarum  catalogus,  p.  22.     1913. 

perniciosus  Comst.,  Aspidiotus  (San  Jos6  scale) Fam.  Coccidae 

Hosts  —  Many  woody  plants,  including  Crataegus  and  other  Malaceae. 
Injury  —  May  incrust  bark  and  kill  trees  in  favorable  weather. 
Distribution  —  Asia,  North  America,  South  America,  Australia,  Hawaii. 
References  —  Sorauer,  P.     Handbuch  der  Pflanzenkrankheiten  3 : 690.     1913. 
Glenn,  P.  A.     State  Ent.  Illinois.     Kept.  28:87.     1915. 

piri  Licht.,  Aspidiotus Fam.  Coccidae 

Hosts  —  Pyrus,  Malus,  Crataegus,  Fraxinus,  Prunus. 

Injury —  May  incrust  branches  and  thus  weaken  or  kill  them. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia  Minor. 

References  —  Lindinger,    L.     Die   Schildlause,    p.    214.     1912. 

Sorauer,  P.     Handbuch  der  Pflanzenkrankheiten  3:690.     1913. 

pomi  De  Geer,  Aphis  (Green  apple  aphis) Fam.  Aphididae 

Synonyms  —  Aphis  maii  Fabr.,  A.  oxyacanthae  Schr. 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Crataegus,  grasses. 

Injury  —  Sucks  sap,  causing  leaves  to  curl,  but  no  discoloration  appears. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  North  America. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.   H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.   202.     1872. 

Matheson,  R.     Cornell  Univ.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.     Memoir  24 : 686.     1919. 

pratensis  Linn.,  Lygus Fam.  Miridae 

(See  page  1055.) 

provancheri  VanD.,  Idiocerus Fam.  Cicadellidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Malus,  Pyrus,  Cydonia. 

Injury  —  Nymphs  and  adults  suck  juice  from  foliage. 

Distribution  —  North  America. 

References  —  Leonard,   M.   D.     Journ.  econ.  ent.  8:415.     1915. 

Van  Duzee,  E.  P.     Catalog  of  Hemiptera,  p.  580.     1916. 

pruinosum  Coq.,  Lecanium  (Frosted  scale) Fam.  Coccidae 

Hosts  —  Many  woody  plants,  including  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Principal  injury  from  smutty  fungus  growing  on  honeydew  secreted  by  insects 

on  fruit  and  foliage. 
Distribution  —  North  America. 
References  —  Sanders,  J.  G.     Journ.  econ.  ent.  2:442.     1909. 

Essig,  E.  O.     Injurious  and  beneficial  insects  of  California,  p.  149.     1915. 

prunifoliae  Fitch,  Rhopalosiphum  (Apple  bud  aphis) Fam.  Aphididae 

Synonyms  —  Aphis  avenae  (of  American  authors),  Aphis  fitchii  Sand. 


HEMIPTEEA  1099 

Hosts  —  Malus,   Pyrus,   Crataegus,   Prunus,   many  grasses. 
Injury  —  Sucks  juice  from  opening  buds  of  trees  in  spring. 
Distribution  —  North  America. 

References  —  Quaintance,  A.  L.     U.  S.  Ent.  Bur.     Giro.  81.     1907. 
Baker,  A.  C.     Journ.  agr.  res.  18:311.     1919. 

pumilus  Uhl.,  Ceratocapsus Fam.  Miridae 

Synonym  —  Melinna  pumila  Uhl. 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Salix. 

Injury  — •  Adult  sucks  sap  from  foliage. 

Distribution  —  Eastern  United  States. 

Reference  —  Uhler,  P.  R.     Ent.  Amer.  3:69.     1887. 

pyri  Fitch,  Prociphilus  (Pear  root  aphis) Fam.  Aphididae 

Hosts  —  Pyrus,  Crataegus,  Malus. 

Injury  —  Sucks  sap  from  roots. 

Distribution  —  Eastern  North  America. 

References  —  Quaintance,  A.  L.,  and  Baker,  A.  C.     U.  S.  Agr.  Dept.     Farmers'  bul. 

804:19.     1917. 

Wilson,   H.  F.,   and   Vickery,  R.  A.     Wisconsin   Acad.  Sci.,  Arts,  and 
Letters.     Trans.  19:140.     1918. 

querci  Fitch,  Empoa Fam.  Cicadellidae 

(See  page  1052.) 

rosae  Linn.,  Empoa  (Rose  leaf  hopper) Fam.  Cicadellidae 

Hosts  —  Rosa,  Malus,  Pyrus,  Prunus,  Crataegus,  Cydonia,  and  other  species. 

Injury  —  Nymphs  and  adults  suck  juice  from  lower  leaves  of  trees,  causing  yellowing  of 

foliage  and  in  some  cases  defoliation. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  North  America. 
Reference  —  Ackerman,  A.  J.  U.  S.  Agr.  Dept.  Bul.  805:20.  1919. 

rumicis  Linn.,  Aphis Fam.  Aphididae 

Hosts  —  Many  herbs  and  woody  plants,  including  Crataegus  oxyacantha  and  pear. 

Injury  —  Sucks  juice  from  foliage  in  spring  and  fall. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  North  America. 

References  —  Borner.     Nat.  Ver.  Bremen.     Abhandl.  23 : 152.     1914. 

Van  der  Goot,  P.     Hollandischen  Blattlause,  p.  220.     1915. 

rusci  Linn.,  Ceroplastes Fam.  Coccidae 

Hosts  —  Many  plants,  including  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Sucks  juice  from  bark,  leaves,  and  fruit. 

Distribution  —  Mediterranean  region. 

References  —  Lindinger,  L.     Die  Schildlause,  p.  214.     1912. 

Sorauer,  P.     Handbuch  der  Pflanzenkrankheiten  3 : 695.     1913. 

saliceti  Forst.,  Psylla Fam.  Psyllidae 

Hosts  —  Salix,  Crataegus  oxyacantha. 

Injury  —  Sucks  juice  from  foliage. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia,  Japan. 

Reference  —  Aulmann,  G.     Psyllidarum  catalogus,  p.  26.     1913. 

seminudus  Say,  Eutettix Fam.  Cicadellidae 

(See  page  1062.) 

sorbi  Kalt.,  Aphis  (Rosy  apple  aphis) Fam.  Aphididae 

Synonym  —  Aphis  malifoliae  Fitch. 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Pyrus,  Crataegus,  Sorbus,  Plantago. 

Injury  —  Cur.s  leaves  and  deforms  fruit. 


1100  HEMIPTERA  —  THYSANOPTERA  —  COLEOPTERA 

Distribution  —  Europe,  North  America. 

References  —  Van  der  Goot,  P.     Hollandischen  Blattlause,  p.  177.     1915. 

Matheson,  R.     Cornell  Univ.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.     Memoir  24:718.     1919. 

suturalis  Fb.,  Idiocerus Fam.  Cicadellidae 

(See  page  1062.) 

taurina  Fitch,  Ceresa Fam.  Membracjidae 

(See  page  1063.) 

ulmi  Linn.,  Lepidosaphes  (Oyster-shell  scale) Fam.  Coccidae 

Synonym  —  Mytilaspis  pomorum  Douche1. 

Hosts  —  Many  woody  plants,  including  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Sucks  juice  from  bark  and  foliage. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  Australia,  North  America,  South  America,  Hawaii. 

References  —  Theobald,  F.  V.     Insect  pests  of  fruits,  p.  170.     1909. 

Sorauer,  P.     Handbuch  der  Pflanzenkrankheiten  3:692.     1913. 

ulmi  Geof.,  Tetraneura Fam.  Aphididae 

Hosts  —  Ulmus,  Crataegus  oxyacantha,  many  grasses. 

Injury  —  Sucks  juice  from  leaves,  causing  galls  to  form  on  upper  surface. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Van  der  Goot,  P.     Hollandischen  Blattlause,  p.  484.     1915. 
Patch,  E.  M.     Maine  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  270:49.     1918. 

univittatus  Knight,  Lygus Fam.  Miridae 

Host  —  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Adults  suck  juice  and  puncture  fruit  and  tender  foliage. 

Distribution  —  Northeastern  United  States. 

Reference  —  Knight,  H.  H.     Brooklyn  Ent.  Soc.     Bui.  14:21.     1919. 

urticae  Linn.,  Trioza Fam.  Psyllidae 

Hosts  —  Urtica,  Crataegus  oxyacantha. 

Injury  —  Sucks  juice  from  foliage. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia. 

References  —  Aulmann,  G.     Psyllidarum  catalogus,  p.  56.    1913. 

Harrison,  J.  W.  H.     Naturalist  (London),  no.  707,  p.  400.     1915. 

vanduzei  Gill.,  Eupteryx Fam.  Cicadellidae 

(See  page  1062.) 

vilis  Linn.,  Pulvinaria  (Cottony  scale) '. Fam.  Coccidae 

Synonyms —  Pulvinaria  betulae  Linn.,  P.  innumerabilis  Rath.,  P.  oxyacanthae  Linn. 
Hosts  —  Many  woody  plants,  including  Crataegus. 
Injury  —  Sucks  sap  from  bark  and  tender  shoots. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  America,  Africa,  Asia  Minor. 
Reference  —  Lindinger,  L.     Die  Schildlause,  p.  215.     1912. 

vulgaris  Fb.,  Lamenia Fam.  Cicadellidae 

(See  page  1063.) 

THYSANOPTERA 

tritici  Fitch,  Euthrips Fam.  Thrypidae 

(See  page  1066.) 

COLEOPTERA 

aeneovirens  Marsh,  Rhynchites,  var.  punctatits  Oliv Fam.  Curculionidae 

Host  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha. 

Distribution  —  Europe. 

Reference  —  Bargagli,  P.     Rincofori  Europei,  p.  181.     18S3. 


COLEOPTERA  1101 

aenescens  Lee.,  Magdalis  (Bronze  apple  weevil) Fam.  Curculionidae 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Crataegus,  Prunus. 

Injury  —  Larva  tunnels  under  bark,  sometimes  killing  tree.     Adults  feed  on  leaves. 

Distribution  —  Northwestern  United  States,  Canada. 

References  —  Chittenden,  F.  H.     U.  S.  Ent.  Bur.     Bui.  22:37.     1900. 

Slingerland,  M.  V.,  and  Crosby.  C.  R.     Manual  of  fruit  insects,  p.  199. 
1914. 

ae  quatus  Linn.,  Rhynchites Fam.  Curculionidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Malus,  Prunus,  Sorbus. 
Injury  —  Beetles  puncture  fruit  buds  and  leaves  in  feeding. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Kaltenbach-,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.   181.     1872. 
Bargagli,  P.     Rincofori  Europei,  p.   181.     1883. 

aerosus  Melsh.,  Brachys Fam.  Buprestidae 

(Seepage  1066.) 

albida  Lee.,  Syneta Fam.  Chrysomelidae 

Hosts —  Malus,  Pyrus,  Cydonia,  Crataegus,  Prunus,  Cor^lus,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Beetles  feed  on  flowers  and  foliage,  sometimes  defoliating  young  trees. 
Distribution  —  Western  United  States. 

References  —  Wilson,  H.  F.,  and  Moznette,  G.  F.     Oregon  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.     Bien.  crop 
pest  and  hort.  rept.  2 : 96.     1915 . 

alpina  Linn.,  Rosalia Fam.  Cerambycidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha,  Fagus  sp. 

Injury  —  Larva  tunnels  under  bark,  girdling  branches,  and  then  enters  solid  wood. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  207.     1872. 
Holeczek,  A.     Ent.  Nachr.  13:308.     1887. 

auratus  Scop.,  Rhynchites Fam.  Curculionidae 

Synonym  —  Rhynchites-  bacchus  Oliv. 
Hosts  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha,  Prunus  spinosa,  Malus. 
Injury  —  Beetles  cut  off  petioles  of  leaves,  and  larvae  feed  in  fruit. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  153.     1872. 
Bargagli,  P.     Rincofori  Europei,  p.  183.     1883. 

bacchus  Linn.,  Rhynchites  (Purple  apple  weevil) Fam.  Curculionidae 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Larvae  feed  in  fruit,  much  like  codling  moth. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  207.     1872. 

Theobald,  F.  V.     Insect  pests  of  fruits,  p.  121.     1909. 

barbicornis  Lat.,  Magdalis  (Apple  stem  piercer) Fam.  Curculionidae 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Cydonia,  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Larvae  tunnel  under  bark,  causing  discolored,  sunken  areas. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  United  States  (New  York  and  Massachusetts),  imported  recently. 

References  —  Henschel,  G.  A.  O.     Die  schadlichen  forst-  und  obstbaum  Insekten,  p.  94. 

1895. 
Blatchley,  W.  S.,  and  Leng,  C.  W.    Rhynchophora  of  north  eastern  America, 

p.  257.     1916. 
Pierce,  W.  D.     Manual  of  dangerous  insects,  p.   132.     1917. 

bipunctatus  Linn.,  Cryptocephalus .  ...... .Fam.  Chrysomelidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Corylus,  Salix,  Betula. 


1102  GOLEOPTERA 

Injury  —  Beetles  eat  holes  in  foliage. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Redtenbacher,  L.     Fauna  Austriaca.     Die  Kafer,  p.  901.     1858. 
Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  207.     1872. 

borealis  Shev.,  Dibolia Fam.  Chrysomelidae 

(See  page  1067.) 

calva  Lee.,  Limnobaris Fam.  Curculionidae 

Host  —  Crataegus. 

Distribution  —  Eastern  United  States. 

Reference  —  Hamilton,  J.     Amer.  Ent.  Soc.     Trans.  22:377.     1895. 

Candida  Fabr.,  Saperda  (Round-headed  apple-tree  borer) Fam.  Cerambycidae 

Synonym  —  Saperda  bivittata  Say. 

Hosts  —  Cydonia,  Malus,  Sorbus,  Amelanchier,  Pyrus,  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Larvae   tunnel   under  bark   of   trunk   and  into   sapwood.     Not   commonly 

injurious  to  Crataegus. 
Distribution  —  North  America. 
References  —  Glover,  T.     Manuscript  notes  from  my  journal,  p.  87.     1877. 

Felt,  E.  P.,  and  Joutel,  L.  H.    New  York  State  Mus.    Bui.  74:28.    1904. 
Becker,  G.  G.     Arkansas  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  146:5.     1918. 

carinata  Germ.,  Haltica Fam.  Chrysomelidae 

(See  page  1067.) 

caudatus  Rossi,  Otiorrhynchus Fam.  Curculionidae 

Host  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Marseul,  M.  S.  A.     Monographic  des  Otiorhynchides,  p.  127.     1872. 
Bargagli,  P.     Rincofori  Europei,  p.  63.     1883. 

cerasi  Linn.,  Magdalis Fam.  Curculionidae 

Hosts  —  Prunus  cerasus,  P.  padus,  Crataegus  oxyacantha. 

Injury  —  Larva  burrows  under  bark. 

Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Redtenbacher,  L.     Fauna  Austriaca.     Die  Kafer,  p.   758.     1858. 

Bargagli,  P.     Rincofori  Europei,  p.  195.     1883. 

Pierce,  W.  D.     Manual  of  dangerous  insects,  p.  132.     1917. 

coeruleocephalus  Schel.,  Rhynchites Fam.  Curculionidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha,  Betula,  Quercus. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  589.     1872. 
Bargagli,  P.     Rincofori  Europei,  p.  187.     1883. 

colaspidoides  Gyll.,  Diphucephala Fam.  Scarabaeid«e 

Hosts  —  Prunus,  Crataegus  oxyacantha. 

Injury  —  Beetles  appear  in  swarms,  like  locusts,  and  defoliate  trees  and  shrubs. 

Distribution  —  Australia. 

References  —  Insect  life  3 : 425.     1890. 

French,  C.     Destructive  insects  of  Victoria,  2:27.     1893. 

convergeus  Lee.,  Xylotrechus Fam.  Cerambycidae 

Host  —  Crataegus  sp. 

Injury  —  Larva  tunnels  in  branches. 

Distribution  —  North  America. 

Reference  —  LeConte,  J.  L.    Amer.  Ent.  Soc.     Trans.  8:xxiv.     1880. 


COLEOPTERA  1103 

crataegi  Walsh,  Conolrachelus  (Quince  curculio) Fam.  Curculionidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus  spp.,  Cydonia. 

Injury  —  Larvae  feed  within  fruit,  partially  destroying  it. 

Distribution  —  Eastern  United  States. 

References  —  Riley,  C.  V.     Third  Missouri  rept,  p.  35.     1871. 

Slingerland,  M.  V.     Cornell  Univ.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  148.     1898. 

crataegi  Germ.,  Otiorrhynchus Fam.  Curculionidae 

Host  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Marseul,  M.  S.  A.     Monographic  des  Otiorhynchides,  p.  287.     1872. 
Bargagli,  P.     Rincofori  Europei,  p.  63.     1883. 

crataegi  Walsh,  Pseudanthonomus  (Apple  weevil) Fam.  Curculionidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Malus,  Kalmia  latifolia. 

Injury  —  Larvae  burrow  in  fruit,  beetles  puncture  fruit  and  foliage. 

Distribution  —  Eastern  United  States,  Canada. 

References  —  Brooks,  F.  E.     West  Virginia  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  126.     1910. 

Blatchley,  W.  S.,  and  Leng,  C.  W.    Rhynchophora  of  north  eastern  America, 
p.  318.     1916. 

cretata  Newm.,  Saperda  (Spotted  apple-tree  borer) Fam.  Cerambycidae 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Crataegus,  Amelanchier. 

Injury  —  Larvae  kill  branches  by  girdling  and  tunneling  in  sapwood. 
Distribution  —  Eastern  North  America.  >'    . 

References  —  Osborn,  H.     Iowa  State  Hort.  Soc.     Trans.   15:11.     1880. 
Hamilton,  J.    Amer.  Ent.  Soc.     Trans.  22:369.     1895. 
Felt,  E.  P.,  and  Joutel,  L.  H.    New  York  State  Mus.    Bui.  74:50.    1904. 

cucumeris  Harris,  Epitrix Fam.  Chrysomelidae 

(See  page  1067.) 

decipiens  Lee.,  Anthonomus Fam.  Curculionidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  cotton  (?) ;  beetles  hi  abundance  beaten  from  Crataegus  sp.  by  Dr. 

Hamilton. 

Distribution  —  North  America. 

Reference  —  Blatchley,  W.  S.,  and  Leng,  C.  W.     Rhynchophora  of  north  eastern  America, 
p.  316.     1916. 

dorsalis  Thunb.,  Chalepus Fam.  Chrysomelidae 

Hosts  —  Robinia,  Malus,  Quercus,  Crataegus,  Rubus,  and  other  species. 

Injury  —  Beetles  eat  foliige, 

Distribution  —  North  America. 

Reference  —  Houser,  J.  S.     Ohio  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.    Bui.  332:231.     1918. 

dubitans  Lee.,  Limonius - Fam.  Elateridae 

(See  page  1066.) 

elongata  Fabr.,  Dichelonycha Fam.  Scarabaeidae 

(See  page  1066.) 

fayi  Bland,  Saperda  (Thorn  limb  borer) Fam.  Cerambycidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus  crus-galli,  C.  tomentosa. 

Injury  —  Larvae  burrow  in  smaller  branches,  killing  them  and  producing  gall-like  swell- 
ings which  weaken  the  branches  so  that  they  break  in  winds. 
Distribution  —  Eastern  North  America. 
Reference  —  Felt,  E.  P.,  and  Joutel,  L.  H.     New  York  State  Mus.     Bui.  74:62.     1904. 

femorata  Fabr.,  Chrysobothris  (Flat-headed  apple-tree  borer) Fam.  Buprestidae 

Hosts  —  Many  trees,  including  Crataegus,  but  especially  Quercus,  Malus,  Primus. 


1104  COLEOPTERA 

Injury  —  Larvae  burrow  in  sapwood  of  weakened  trees. 

Distribution  —  North  America. 

Reference  —  Brooks,  F.  E.     U.  S.  Agr.  Dept.     Farmers'  bul.  1065:5.     1919. 

flavicornis  Boh.  Schn.,  Anthonomus Fam.  Curculionidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Solanum,  dogwood,  and  other  species. 
Distribution  —  North  America. 

Reference  —  Blatchley,  W.  S.,  and  Leng,  C.  W.     Rhynchophora  of  north  eastern  America, 
p.  298.     1916. 

flavicornis  Clairv.,  Ramphus Fam.  Curculionidae 

Synonym  —  Ramphus  oxyacanthae  Marsh. 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Crataegus  oxyacantha,  Betula,  Salix,  Primus,  Populus. 
Injury  —  Larvae  mine  in  leaves. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Heyden,  C.  von.     Berlin,  ent.  Zeit.  6: 63.     1862. 
Bargagli,  P.     Rincofori  Europei,  p.  251.     1883. 

foliacea  Lee.,  Haltica  (Apple  flea  beetle) Fam.  Chrysomelidae 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Beetles  and  larvae  eat  many  small  holes  in  foliage. 

Distribution  —  North  America. 

Reference  —  Murtfeldt,  M.  E.     Insect  life  1 : 74.     1888. 

giganteus  Krinick.,  Rhynchites : Fam.  Curculionidae 

Host  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia. 

References  —  Desbrochers,  L.     Monographic  des  Rhinomaceridae,  p.  345.     1869. 
Bargagli,  P.     Rincofori  Europei,  p.  180,  188.     1883. 

helxines  Linn.,  Crepidodera Fam.  Chrysomelidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Salix,  Malus,  Pyrus,  Ulmus,  Populus. 

Injury  —  Beetles  eat  many  small  holes  in  leaves. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  North  America. 

References  —  Blatchley,  W.  S.     Coleoptera  of  Indiana,  p.  1214.     1910. 

Slingerland,  M.  V.,  and  Crosby,  C.  R.     Manual  of  fruit  insects,  p.  205. 
1914. 

icosandriae  Scop.,  Rhynchites Fam.  Curculionidae 

Synonym  —  Rhynchites  conicus  111. 

Hosts  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha,  Malus,  Pyrus,  Prunus,  Sorbus. 
Injury  —  Beetles  cut  off  tender  twigs.     Serious  pest  in  nurseries. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  154,  207.  •  1872. 
Bargagli,  P.     Rincofori  Europei,  p.  188.     1883. 

impressifrons  Gyll.,  Polydrusus Fam.  Curculionidae 

Hosts  —  Salix,  Populus,  Crataegus,  Quercus,  Malus,  Pyrus,  Corylus,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Beetles  eat  buds,  leaves,  and  tender  twigs  in  May  and  June. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  New  York  (imported  about  1906). 
References  —  Parrott,  P.  J.,  and  Glasgow,  H.     New  York  (Geneva)  Agr.  Exp.  Sta. 

Tech.  bul.  56:7.     1916. 
Pierce,  W.  D.     Journ.  econ.  ent.  9:424.     1916: 

maculicornis  Germ.,  Phyllobius  (Green  leaf  weevil) .Fam.  Curculionidae 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Pyrus,  Prunus,  Quercus,  Crataegus,  Acer. 

Injury  —  Beetle  eats  into  opening  buds,  and  later  eats  holes  in  leaves. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia. 

Reference  —  Theobald,  F.  V.    Insect  pests  of  fruits,  p.  119.     1909. 


COLEOPTERA  1105 

marginalis  111.,  Systena Fara.  Chrysomelidae 

(See  page  1067.) 

metasternalis  Cr.,  Tymnes Fam.  Chrysomelidae 

Host  —  Crataegus. 

Listribution  —  North  America. 

Reference  —  Smith,  J.  B.     Insects  of  New  Jersey,  p.  344.     1909. 

mixius  Lee.,  Anthonomopsis Fam.  Curculionidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Prunus. 
Distribution  —  North  America. 

Reference  —  Blatchley,  W.  S.,  and  Leng,  C.  W.     Rhynchophora  of  north  eastern  America, 
p.  286.     1916. 

multipunctata  Say,  Calligrapha Fam.  Chrysomelidae 

Host  —  Crataegus. 

Distribution  —  North  America. 

Reference  —  Blatchley,  W.  S.     Coleoptera  of  Indiana,  p.  1158.     1910. 

naso  Lee.,  Conotrachelus ' Fam.  Curculionidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Quercus  virginiana. 

Injury  —  Larva  feeds  in  fruit. 

Distribution  —  North  America. 

References  —  Hamilton,  J.     Can.  ent.  21 :34.     1889. 

Pierce,  .W.  D.     Nebraska  State  Bd.  Agr.    Ann.  rept.  1906-07:275.     1907. 

nebulosus  Lee.,  Anthonomus  (Hawthorn  blossom  weevil) Fam.  Curculionidae 

(See  page  1068.) 

nenuphar  Hbst.,  Conotrachelus  (Plum  curculio) Fam.  Curculionidae 

Hosts  —  Prunus,  Pyrus,  'Malus,  Cydonia,  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Larvae  feed  in  fruit,  and  beetles  deform  fruits  by  their  feeding  punctures. 
Distribution  —  North  America  east  of  Rocky  Mountains. 

Reference  —  Slingerland,  M.  V.,  and  Crosby,  C.  R.     Manual  of  fruit  insects,  p.  243. 
1914. 

nitidipennis  Boh.,  Magdalis Fam.  Curculionidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Populus,  Salix. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Redtenbacher,  L.     Fauna  Austriaca.     Die  Kafer,  p.  759.     1858. 
Bargagli,  P.     Rincofori  Europei,  p.  196.     1883. 

oblongus  Linn.,  Phyllobius Fam.  Curculionidae 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Crataegus,  Populus,  Corylus,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Beetles  eat  into  opening  buds,  and  later  eat  leaves. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia. 
Reference  —  Bargagli,  P.     Rincofori  Europei,  p.  79.     1883. 

Theobald,  F.  V.     Insect  pests  of  fruits,  p.  119.     1909. 

olivaceus  Gyll.,  Rhynchites Fam.  Curculionidae 

Synonym  —  Rhynchites  comatus  Dej. 
Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Corylus,  Prunus. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Kaltenbaeh,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  154,  207.     1872. 
Bargagli,  PM    Rjncofori  Europei,  p.  190.     1883. 

pauxillus  Germ.,  Rhynchites Fam.  Curculionidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha,  Malus. 
Injury  —  Beetles  cut  off  twigs. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 


1106  COLEOPTERA 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  207.     1872. 

Theobald,  F.  V.     Insect  pests  of  fruits,  p.  118.     1909. 

politus  Say,  Agrilus Fain.  Buprestidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Salix,  Quercus,  Corylus. 

Injury  —  Larva  tunnels  under  bark,  causing  gall-like  swellings  on  twigs  of  Crataegus 

and  girdling  twigs  of  oak  with  a  spiral  tunnel. 

Distribution  —  North  America.  i .  , 

References  —  Smith,  J.  B.     Insects  of  New  Jersey,  p.  295.     1909. 

Felt,  E.  P.     New  York  State  Mus.     Bui.  200:135.     1918. 

pomonae  Fabr.,  Apion Fam.  Curculionidie 

Hosts  —  Vicia,  Crataegus. 

Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Curtis,  J.     Farm  insects,  p.  487.     1860. 

Bargagli,   P.     Rincofori  Europei,  p.   165.     1883. 

pomorum  Linn.,  Anthonomus  (Apple  blossom  weevil) Fam.  Curculionidae 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Pyrus,  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Larva  feeds  within  closed  fruit  bud,  destroying  it.  Often  a  very  serious 
pest  of  apple  in  Europe.  Whitehead  records  shaking  1530  adults  from  a  single  tree 
in  two  days. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  one  specimen  recorded  from  Ohio  taken  among  A.  nebulosus. 
References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  207.     1872. 

Dietz,  Wm.  G.     Amer.  Ent.  Soc.     Trans.  18:204.     1891. 

Whitehead,    C.     Report   on   injurious  insects   in  Great   Britain,  p.  44. 

1892. 
Henschel,  G.  A.  O.     Die  schadlichen  forst-  und  obstbaum  Insekten,  p.  571. 

1895. 
Collinge,  W.  E.     Manual  of  injurious  insects,  p.  97.     1912. 

posticatus  Boh.  Schn.,  Conotrachelus Fam.  Curculionidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Prunus,  Carya. 

Injury  —  Larva  feeds  in  fruit. 

Distribution  —  North  America. 

References  —  Hamilton,  J.     Can.  ent.  21:34.     1889. 

Blatchley,  W.  S.,  and  Leng,  C.  W.    Rhynchophora  of  north  eastern  America, 
p.  477.     1916. 

profundus  Lee.,  Anthonomus Fam.  Curculionidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Quercus. 
Injury  —  Larva  feeds  in  fruit. 
Distribution  —  North  America. 

Reference  —  Blatchley,  W.  S.,  and  Leng,  C.  W.    Rhynchophora  of  north  eastern  America, 
p.  290.     1916. 

pruni  Ratz.,  Eccoptogaster Fam.  Ipidae 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Pyrus,  Prunus,  Crataegus,  Ulmus. 

Injury  — •-  Larva  girdles  weakened  trees  by  mining  in  cambium  layer. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  154.     1872. 

Wahl,  C.  von.     Borkenkafer  an  den  Obstbaumen  und  ihre   Bekamfung. 
Augustenberg  Flugblatt,  no.  3,  p.  4.     1914. 

pruni  Linn.,  Magdalis Fam,  Curculionidae 

Hosts  —  Prunus,  Crataegus,  Rosa,  and  other  species, 
Injury  —  Larva  tunnels  under  bark  of  branches, 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia. 


COLEOPTERA  1107 

References  —  Bargagli,  P.     Rincofori  Europei,  p.  196.     1883. 

Pierce,  W.  D.     Manual  of  dangerous  insects,  p.  132.     1917. 

pterygomalis  Boh.,  Polydrusus Fam.  Curculionidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha,  Prunus,  Salix,  Betula,  Corylus,  Fagus. 

Injury  —  Beetles  feed  on  foliage. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia. 

Reference  —  Pierce,  W.  D.     Journ.  econ.  ent.  9:431.     19  6. 

pubescens  Melsh.,  Agriotes Fam.  Elateridae 

(See  page  1066.) 

pubescens  Fabr.,  Rhynchites Fam.  Curculionidae 

Synonym  —  Rhynchites  cyanicolor  Schr. 
Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Corylus,  Alnus,  Quercus. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  207.     1872. 
Bargagli',  P.     Rincofori  Europei,  p.  191.     1883. 

quadrigibbus  Say,  Tachypterus  (Apple  curculio) Fam.  Curculionidae 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Crataegus,  Amelanchier,  Pyrus. 

Injury  —  Larva  feeds  in  fruit,  beetles  puncture  fruit  and  young  twigs. 

Distribution  —  Eastern  North  America. 

References  —  Brooks,  F.  E.     West  Virginia  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  126.     1910. 

Mitchell,  J.  B.,  and  Pierce,  W.  D.     Ent.  Soc.  Washington.     Proc.  13:53. 
1911. 

q  uercata  Fabr.,  Anthaxia .Fam.  Buprestidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus;  Pinus  strobus,  Cercis,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Larva  bores  in  dead  or  dying  branches. 
Distribution  —  North  America. 
Reference  —  Knull,  Josef  N.     Ent.  news  31:6.     1920. 

rufus  Ol.,  Orchestes Fam.  Curculionidae 

Hosts  —  Ulmus,  Quercus,  Salix,  Crataegus,  Prunus. 

Distribution  —  Europe. 

Reference  —  Bargagli,  P.     Rincofori  Europei,  p.  217.     1883. 

rugulosus  Ratz.,  Eccoptogaster  (Fruit-tree  bark  beetle) Fam.  Ipidae 

Hosts  —  Prunus,  Cydonia,  Malus,  Crataegus,  Sorbus,  Amelanchier. 

Injury  —  Larva  and  adult  mine  in  cambium  layer  of  weak  trees,  frequently  killing  them. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia,   North  America. 

References  —  Gossard,  H.  A.     Ohio  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.     Circ.  140.     1913. 

Wahl,  C.  von.     Borkenkafer  an  den  Obstbaumen  und  ihre  Bekamfung. 

Augustenberg  Flugblatt,  no.  3,  p.  4.     1914. 
Swaine,  J.  M.     Can.  Agr.  Dept.     Bui.   14:52.     1918. 

scheppardi  Kirby,  Choragus Fam.  Anthribidae 

Synonym  —  Alticopus  galeazii  Vill. 
Host  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha. 
Injury  —  Larva  burrows  in  dying  twigs. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Redtenbacher,  L.     Fauna  Austriaca.     Die  Kafer,  p.  674.     1858. 
Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  208.     1872. 

sericeus  Schal.,  Polydrusus Fam.  Curculionidae 

Hosts  —  Pyrus,  Prunus,  Crataegus,  Malus,  Fagus,  Salix,  Quercus,  Alnus,  and  other 

species. 
Injury  —  Beetles  feed  on  buds  and  foliage. 


1 108  COLEOPTERA LEPIDOPTERA 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia,  recently  imported  into  United  States  (Indiana). 
References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.   179.     1872. 

Bargagli,  P.     Rincofori  Eurcpei,  p.  59.     1883. 

Pierce,  W.  D.     Journ.  eccn.  ent.  9:428.     1916. 

sericeus  Hbst.,  Rhynchites Fam.  Curculionidae 

Synonym  —  Rhynchites  ophthalmicus  Steph. 
Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Corylus,  Quercus,  Betula. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  154,  207.     1872. 
Bargagli,  P.     Rincofcri  Eurcpei,  p.  191.     1883. 

sinuatus  Oliv.,  Agrilus  (Sinuate  pear  borer) Fam.  Buprestidae 

Hosts  —  Pyrus  communis,  Crataegus,  Sorbus. 
Injury  —  Larva  tunnels  in  sapwocd,  making  a  zigzag  mine. 
Listribution  —  Europe,  Ncrth  America.  . 

References  —  Smith,  J.  B.     New  Jersey  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.     Ann.  rept.  15:550.     1894. 
Scrauer,  P.     Handbuch  der  Pflanzenkrankheiten  3:487.     1913. 

subspinosus  Fabr.,  Mccrodoctylus  (Rose  chafer) Fam.  Scarabaeidae 

Hosts  —  Vitis,  Malus,  Pyrus,  Rcsa,  Crataegus,  and  ether  species. 

Injury  —  Beetles  feed  on  fcliage,  flowers,  and  fruit,  and  are  sometimes  very  injurious. 
Listribution  —  North  America. 

References  —  Hartzell,  F.  Z.     New  York  (Geneva)  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  331 : 534.     1910. 
Slingerland,  M.  V.,  and  Crcsby,  C.  R.     Manual  of  fruit  insects,  p.   397. 
1914. 

testacea  Kirby,  Dichelonycha Fam.  Scarabaeidae 

(See  page  1067.) 

tomentosus  Fabr.,  Byturus  (Raspberry  beetle) Fam.  Dermestidae 

Hosts  —  Rubus,  Crataegus,  Malus,  Pyrus. 
Injury  —  Beetles  feed  on  flowers  and  foliage. 
Listribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Sorauer,  P.     Handbuch  der  Pflanzenkrankheiten  3:472.     1913. 
Bot.  journ.  London  5:73.     1917. 

tubulatus  Say,  Idiostethus Fam.  Curculionidae 

Hosts  —  Orchids,  Crataegus.         « 
Distribution  —  North  America. 

References  —  Pierce,  W.  D.     Nebraska  State  Bd.  Agr.     Ann.  rept.  1906-07:284.     1907. 
Blatchley,  W.  £.,  and  Leng,  C.  W.   Rhynchophora  of  north  eastern  America, 
p.  404.     1916. 

villosula  Melsh.,  Xanthonia Fam.  Chrysomelidae 

(See  page  1067.) 

vittaticollis  Rand.,  Agrilus Fam.  Buprestidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Prunus  virginiana,  Amelanchier. 

Injury  —  Beetles  feed  on  foliage. 

Distribution  —  Eastern  United  States. 

Reference  —  Blanchard,  F.     Amer.  ent.  5 : 32.     1889. 

Melanotus  sp Fam.  Elateridae 

(See  page  1066.) 

LEPIDOPTERA 

abbotti  Swains,  Sphecodina -. Fam.  Sphingidae 

Hosts  —  Vitis,  Ampelopsis,  Crataegus  tomentosa. 
Injury  —  Larvae  feed  on  foliage. 


LEPIDOPTERA  1 109 

Distribution  —  Eastern  North  America. 

References  —  Packard,  A.  S.     Fifth  rept.  U.  S.  Ent.  Comm.,  p.  536.     1890. 

Beutenmueller,  William.     Hawk  moths  of  the  vicinity  of  New  York  City, 
p.  12.     1903. 

achatana  Fabr.,  Olethreutes Fam.  Tortricidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Malus. 

Injury  —  Larvae  roll  leaves  and  eat  them. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia  Minor. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  209.     1872. 

Theobald,  F.  V.     Insect  pests  of  fruits,  p.  81.     1909. 

advenella  Zk.,  Rhodophaez Fam.  Pyralidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Pyrus. 
Injury  —  Larvae  tie  leaves  and  eat  them. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  209.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2:216.     1910. 

aescularia  Schiff.,  Anisopteryx  (March  moth) Fam.  Geometridae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,   Malus,  Prunus,  Pyrus,  Quercus,  Tilia,  Ulmus,  Acer,  and  other 

species. 

Injury  —  Larvae  feed  on  foliage,  sometimes  defoliating  trees. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 
Reference  —  Theobald,  F.  V.     Insect  pests  of  fruits,  p.  61.     1909. 

americana  Harris,  Acronycta Fam.  Noctuidae 

(See  page  1073.) 

americana  Harris,  Epicnaptera Fam.  Lasiocampidae 

(See  page  1075.) 

americana  Fabr.,  Malacosoma  (Apple  tent  caterpillar) .Fam.  Lasiocampidae 

Hosts  —  Prunus,  Malus,  Crataegus,  Sorbus,  Rosa,  Amelanchier,  Quercus,  Salix,  and 

other  species. 

Injury  —  Larvae  defoliate  branches,  living  within  a  silken  tent. 
Distribution  —  North  America. 
References  —  Felt.  E.  P.     New  York  State  Mus.     Memoir  82:550.     1906. 

Slingerland,  M.  V.,  and  Crosby,  C.  R.     Manual  of  fruit  insects,  p.  112. 
1914. 

anatipennella  Hub.,  Coleophora Fam.  Elachistidae 

Synonym  —  Coleophora  tiliella  Zell. 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Quercus,  Tilia,  Corylus,  Prunus  spinosa. 
Injury  —  Larva  eats  patches  of  green  tissue  from  leaf. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  210.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2:400.     1910. 

anglicella  Stt.,  Ornix Fam.  Gracilariidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Fragaria. 

Injury  —  Larva  mines  in  leaf. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia,  one  record  in  Massachusetts. 

References  —  Stainton,  H.  T.     Natural  history  of  the  Tineina,  8:292.     1864. 

Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  171.     1872. 

Dietz,  W.  G.    Amer.  Ent.  Soc.     Trans.  33 : 294.     1907. 

Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2:410.     1910. 

angustiorana  Haw.,  Capua Fam.  Tortricidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Laurus,  Smilax,  Pyrus,  and  other  species. 


1110  LEPIDOPTERA 

Injury  —  Larva  ties  leaves  together  and  feeds  on  them. 
Distribution  —  Southern  Europe,  northern  Africa,  Asia  Minor. 
Reference  —  Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2:246.     1910. 

anliqua  Linn.,  Notolophus  (Vaporer  moth) Fam.  Lymantriidae 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Prunus,  Rosa,  Crataegus,  Ulmus,  Tilia,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Larvae  defoliate  branches. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia,  North  America. 

References  —  Packard,  A.  S.     Fifth  rept.  U.  S.  Ent.  Comm.,  p.  536.     1890. 
Theobald,  F.  V.     Insect  pests  of  fruits,  p.  38.     1909. 

argyrospila  Walk.,  Arckips  (Fruit-tree  leaf  roller) Fam.  Tortricidae 

(See  page  1077.) 

arthemis  Dru.,  Basilarchia Fam.  Nymphalidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Salix,  Tilia,  Populus. 
Injury  —  Larvae  eat  leaves,  except  midrib,  beginning  at  apex. 
Distribution  —  Eastern  United  States. 

References  —  French,  G.  H.     Butterflies  of  the  eastern  United  States,  p.  208.     1886. 
Edwards,  H.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.     Bui.  35:27.     1889. 

astyanax  Fabr.,  Basilarchia Fam.  Nymphalidae 

Hosts  —  Salix,  Prunus,  Malus,  Tilia,  Crataegus,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Larva  eats  leaf  on  both  sides  of  midrib,  beginning  at  apex. 
Distribution  —  Eastern  and  southern  United  States. 

References  —  Packard,  A.  S.     Fifth  rept.  U.  S.  Ent.  Comm.,  p.  535.     1890. 
Holland,  W.  J.     Butterfly  book,  p.  184.     1898. 

aterrima  Wck.,  Nepticula. Fam.  Nepticulidae 

Host  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha. 

Injury  —  Larva  mines  in  leaf. 

Distribution  —  Germany. 

Reference  —  Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2 : 480.     1910. 

atricollis  Stt.,  Nepticula Fam.  Nepticulidae 

Hosts  —  Malus  malus,  Prunus  spinosa,  Crataegus  oxyacantha. 

Injury  —  Larva  mines  in  leaf. 

Distribution  —  Europe. 

Reference  —  Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2:479.     1910. 

aurantiaria  Esp.,  Hibernia Fam.  Geometridae 

Hosts  —  Betula,  Populus,  Rosa,  Quercus,  Crataegus,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Larva  eats  leaves. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  209,  218.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2:98.     1910. 

bajaria  Schiff.,  Hibernia Fam.  Geometridae 

Hosts  —  Prunus,  Pyrus,  Crataegus,  Ligustrum,  Syringa. 
Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.   166.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2:98.     1910. 

betulae  Zell.,  Lithocoll:tis Fam.  Gracilariidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Pyrus,  Cydonia,  Betula. 
Injury  —  Larva  mines  in  upper  side  of  leaf. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  198.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2:419.     1910. 


LEPIDOPTERA  1111 

betularia  Linn.,  Amphidasis  (Pepper-and-salt  moth) Fam.  Geometridze 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Prunus,  Crataegus,  Quercus,  Ulmus,  Populus,  Betula. 

Injury  —  Larvae  defoliate  trees  in  late  summer. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia,  Japan. 

Reference  —  Theobald,  F.  V.     Insect  pests  of  fruits,  p.  64.     1909. 

bidentata  Clerck.,  Gonodontis  (Scalloped  hazel  moth) Fam.  Geometridxe 

Hosts  —  Corylus,  Betula,  Prunus,  Crataegus,  Pyrus,  Quercus,  and  other  species. 

Injury  —  Larva  feeds  on  foliage. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia,  Japan. 

Reference  —  Collinge,  W.  E.     Manual  of  injurious  insects,  p.  138.     1912. 

biscutana  Wck.,  Epiblema Fam.  Tortricidae 

Hosts  —  Betula,  Crataegus  oxyacantha.  . 

Injury  —  Larva  ties  together  terminal  clusters  of  leaves  and  feeds  within. 

Distribution  —  Norway,  Finland. 

Reference  —  Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2: 283.     1910. 

blandula  Hulst.,  Catocala Fam.  Noctuidae 

Host  —  Crataegus. 
Injury  —  Larvae  feed  on  foliage. 
Distribution  —  Eastern  United  States,  Canada. 

References  —  Packard,  A.  S.     Fifth  rept.  U.  S.  Ent.  Comm.,  p.  533.     1890. 
Smith,  J.  B.     Insects  of  New  Jersey,  p.  476.     1909. 

brumata  Linn.,  Cheimatobia  (Winter  moth) Fam.  Geometridae 

Hosts  —  Fruit  and  forest  trees  (except  conifers)  and  shrubs. 

Injury  —  Larvae  defoliate  trees  and  may  attack  flowers  or  fruit. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia,  Greenland. 

References  —  Ormerod,  E.  A.     Manual  of  injurious  insects,  p.  338,  360.     1890. 

Theobald,  F.  V.     Insect  pests  of  fruits,  p.  50.     1909. 

Med.  Phytopath.  Dienst.  Wageningen,  no.  3.     1916. 

cilanus  Hub.,  Strymon  (Banded  hair-streak) Fam.  Lycaenidae 

Synonym  —  Thecla  falacer  Godart. 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Quercus,  Hicoria. 

Injury  —  Larva  eat«  holes  in  leaves. 

Distribution  —  United  States  and  Canada. 

References  —  Scudder,  S.     Butterflies  of  New  England,  2:885.     1839. 

Packard,  A.  S.     Fifth  rept.  U.  S.  Ent.  Comm.,  p.  536.     1890. 

caryae  Harris,  Halisidota  (Hickory  tussock  moth) Fam.  Arctiidre 

Hosis  —  Hicoria,  Juglans,  Malus,  Cydonia,  Crataegus,  and  other  species. 

Injury  —  Larvae  eat  foliage. 

Distribution  —  United  States  east  of  Rocky  Mountains. 

Reference  —  Soule,  Caroline  G.     Psyche  6:153.     1891. 

catax  Linn.,  Eriogaster Fam.  Lasiocampidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Quercus,  Populus,  Betula. 

Injury  —  Larvae  defoliate  branches,  which  they  cover  with  silken  tents. 

Distribution  —  Europe. 

Reference  —  Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Eurcpas,  1 : 117.     1908. 

cecropia  Linn.,  Platysamia Fam.  Saturniidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Malus,  Pyrus,  Prunus,  Salix,  Acer,  Syringa,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Larva  eats  leaves. 

Distribution  —  North  America  east  of  Rocky  Mountains. 
References  —  Packard,  A.  S.    Fifth  rept.  U.  S.  Ent.  Comm.,  p.  536.     1890. 
Dickerson,  Mary  C.     Moths  and  butterflies,  p.  157.     1901. 


1112  LEPIDOPTERA 

cerisolella  Pey.,  Lithocolletis Fam.  Gracilariidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Sorbus  torminalis. 

Injury  —  Larva  mines  in  leaf  on  under  side. 

Distribution  —  Southern  France. 

Reference  —  Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2: 415.     1910. 

chionosema  Zell.,  Olethreutes Fam.  Tortricidae 

(See  page  1077.) 

chrysorrhea  Linn.,  Euproctis  (Brown-tail  moth) Fam.  Lymantriidae 

Hosts  —  Crat  legus  and  most  other  deciduous  trees. 
Injury  —  Larvae  defoliate  trees. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia  Minor,  New  England  States. 
References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  208.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  1 : 132.     1908. 

clerkella  Linn.,  Lyonetia Fam.  Lyonetiidae 

Hosts  —  Pyrus,  Prunus,  Crataegus,  Sorbus,  Betula. 

Injury  —  Larva  makes  serpentine  mine  in  leaf. 

Distribution  —  Europe. 

Reference  —  Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2 : 422.     1910. 

coeruleocephala  Linn.,  Liloba  (Figure-8  moth) Fam.  Noctuidae 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Prunus,  Crataegus,  and  other  species. 

Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage,  sDmetimes  defoliating  hawthorn  hedges. 

Listribution  —  Europe,  Asia. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  208.     1872. 

Theobald,  F.  V.     Insect  pests  of  fruits,  p.  35.     1909. 

cognataria  Guen.,  L  da Fam.  Geometridae 

(See  page  1076.) 

cognatellus  Hub.,  Yponomeuta  (Hedge  ermine  moth) Fam.  Yponomeutidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha,  Euonymus. 
Injury  —  Larva  eats  leaves,  sometimes  stripping  hedges. 
Distribution  —  Europe.. 

References  —  Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2 : 444.     1910. 
Noel,  P.     Jardinage4:363.     1914. 

concinna  A.  and  S.,  Schizura  (Red-humped  apple  caterpillar) Fam.  Notodontidae 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Crataegus,  Primus,  Pyrus,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Larvae  defoliate  branches,  feeding  in  a  colony. 
Distribution  —  North  America. 
References  —  Saunders,  William.     Can.  ent.  13: 139.     1  81. 

Slingerland,  M.  V.,  and  Crosby,  C.  R.   Manual  of  fruit  insects,  p.  125.  1914. 

concomitella  Bnks.,  Lithocolletis '.  .  .  Fam.  Gracilariidae 

Synonym  —  Lithocolletis  pomifoliella  Zell. 
Hosts  —  Malus,  Crataegus. 
Injury  —  Larva  mines  in  leaf. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  198.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmettsrlinge  Europis,  2:415.     1910. 

congelatella  Clerck.,  Exapate .Fam.  Tortricidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Sorbus,  Prunus,   Pyrus,   Rubus,  Berberis,   Ligustrum,  and  other 

species. 

Injury  —  Larva  ties  leaves  together  and  feeds  on  them. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 


LEPIDOPTERA  1113 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  210.     1872. 

Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Eurcpa?,  2:254.     1910. 

contaminana  Hub.,  Acalla. • Fam.  Tortricidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Prunus,  Pyrus,  Malus,  Quercus,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Larva  ties  leaves  together  and  feecls  on  them. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 
References  —  Kaltenbach,  J<-  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  209.     1872. 

Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Eurcpas,  2:245.     1910. 

corylifoliella  Haw.,  Lithocolletis Fam.  Gracilariidte 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Pyrus,  Malus,  Sorbus. 

Injury  —  Larva  mines  in  leaf. 

Distribution  —  Europe. 

Reference  —  Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2:417.     1910. 

crataegana  Hiib.,  Cacoecia Fam.  Tortricidae 

Synonym  —  Penthina  robrana  Schiff . 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Quercus,  Betula,  Populus,  Malus,  Cotoneaster,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Larva  ties  leaves  together  and  feeds  on  them. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  209.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2 : 247.     1910. 

crataegella  Clem.,  Lithocolletis Fam.  Gracilariidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Pyrus,  Prunus  serotina. 

Injury  —  Larva  mines  in  leaf. 

Distribution  —  North  America. 

References  —  Braun,  A.  F.     Amer.  Ent,  Soc.     Trans.  34:301.     1908. 

Wilson,  H.  F.     Oregon  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.     Bien.  crop  pest  and  hort.  rept. 
2:119.     1915. 

crataegella  Linn.,  Scythropia Fam.  Yponomeutidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus  oxyacintha,  Prunus  spinosa,  Pyrus. 
Injury  —  Larva  spins  a  tent  over  the  branch  and  eats  the  leaves  within  it. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  169.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2:443.     1910. 

crataegi  Linn.,  Aporia  (Fruit-tree  "pierid) Fam.  Pieridae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Pyrus,  Malus,  Prunus,  Sorbus,  Salix,  Quercus,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage,  often  stripping  trees.  • 

Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Bechstein,  J.  M.,  and  Scharfenberg,  G.  L.     Naturgeschichte  der  sch 'id- 
lichen  Forstinsekten,  p.  303.     1805. 
Sasscer,  E.  R,     Journ.  econ.  ent.  1 1 : 126.     1918. 

crataegi  Zell.,  Bucculatrix Fam.  Lyonetiidae 

Host  —  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Larva  mines  in  leaf  and  later  feeds  externally  on  leaf. 

Distribution  —  Europe. 

Reference  —  Stainton,  H.  T.     Natural  history  of  the  Tineina,  7: 68.     1862. 

crataegi  Saund.,  Catocala Fam.  Noctuidae 

Host  —  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Larva  feeds  on  foliage. 

Distribution  —  Eastern  North  America. 

References  —  Saunders,  William.     Can.  ent.  8:72.     1876. 

Packard,  A.  S.     Fifth  rapt.  U.  S.  Ent.  Comm.,  p.  532.     1890. 


1 1 14  LEPIDOPTERA 

crataegi  Linn.,  Trichiura Fatn.  Lasiocimpidae 

Hosts  —  Prunus,  Crataegus,  Corylus,  Betula,  Salix,  Alnus. 

Injury  —  Larva  feeds  on  foliage. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia  Minor. 

Reference  —  Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  1 : 114.     1908. 

crataegifoliella  Clem.,  Nepticula Fam.  Nepticulidae 

Host  —  Crataegus  uniflora. 

Injury  —  Larva  mines  in  leaf. 

Distribution  —  Eastern  United  States. 

Reference  —  Packard,  A.  S.     Fifth  rept.  U.  S.  Ent.  Comm.,  p.  534.     1890. 

crataegifoliella  Clem.,  Ornix Fam.  Gracilariidae 

Host  —  Crataegus  tomentosa. 
Injury  —  Larva  mines  in  leaf. 
Distribution  —  Eastern  United  States. 

References  —  Packard,  A.  S.     Fifth  rept.  U.  S.  Ent.  Comm.,  p.  534.     1890. 
Dietz,  W.  G.     Amer.  Ent.  Soc.     Trans.  33 : 292.     1907. 

cuculla  Esp.,  Lophopteryx Fam.  Notodontidae 

Synonym —  Notodonti  cucullina  Hub. 

Hosts  —  Acer  campestre,  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Larva  feeds  on  foliage. 

Distribution  —  Europe. 

Reference  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  208.     1872. 

cucullatella  Linn.,  Nola Fam.  Nolidae 

Synonym  —  Hercyna  palliolalis  Hub. 
Hosts  —  Prunus,  Malus,  Crataegus. 
Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  209.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2: 122.     1910. 

curvilineella  Chamb.,  Blastodacna  (Hawthorn  fruit  miner) Fam.  Cosmopterygidae 

(See  page  1030.) 

dactylina  Grote,  Acronycta Fam.  Noctuidae 

(See  page  1073.) 

efe/ofo'aria.Linn.,  Hibernia  (Mottled  umber  moth) Fam.  Geometridae 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Prunus,  Betula,  Corylus,  Quercus,  Crataegus,  Pyrus,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Larvae  defoliate  trees. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  163.     1872. 
Theobald,  F.  V.     Insect  pests  of  fruits,  p.  58.     1909. 

dispar  Linn.,  Lymantria  (Gipsy  moth) Fam.  Lymantriidae 

Hosts  —  Species  a  very  general  feeder  on  trees.     Crataegus  a  favored  food  plant. 
Injury  —  Larvae  defoliate  trees. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia,  New  England  States. 
References  —  Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  1 : 131.     1908. 
Mosher,  F.  H.     U.  S.  Agr.  Dept.     Bui.  250.     1915. 

disstria  Hub.,  Malacosomi  (Forest  tent  caterpillar) Fam.  Lasiocampidae 

Hosts  —  Acer,  Quercus,  Crataegus,  Malus,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Larvae  defoliate  branches,  feeding  in  colonies. 
Distribution  —  North  America. 


LEPIDOPTEHA  1115 

References  —  Insect  life  3 : 478.     1890. 
Insect  life  4: 75.     1891. 

•Slingerland,  M.  V.,  and  Crosby,  C.  K.     Manual  of  fruit  insects,  p.  119. 
1914. 

dubitata  Linn.,  Triphosa Fam.  Geometridae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Prunus,  Rhamnus. 
Injury  —  Larva  webs  leaves  together  and  feeds  on  them. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  166.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2:36.     1910. 

ephemeraeformis  Haw.,  Thyridopteryx  (Common  bagworm) Fam.  Psychidae 

Hosts  —  Species  a  very  general  feeder  on  trees  and  shrubs,  including  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Larva  defoliates  trees. 

Distribution  —  North  America  east  of  Rocky  Mountains. 

Reference  —  Beutenmueller,  William.     Ent.  Amer.  3: 157.     1887. 

ephippella  Fabr.,  Argyresthia Fam.  Yponomeutidae 

Synonym  —  Argyresthia  pruniella  Linn. 
Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Pyrus,  Prunus,  Sorbus,  Corylus. 
Injury  —  Larva  eats  leaf  and  blossom  buds. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia  Minor. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  210.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2 : 447.     1910. 

euphorbiae  Fabr.,  Acronycta Fam.  Noctuidae 

Hosts  —  Species  a  general  feeder  on  trees,  including  Crataegus. 
Injury  —  Larva  feeds  on  foliage. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  208.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  1 : 139.     1908. 

fabriciana  Linn.,  Simaethis Fam.  Glyphipterygidae 

Synonyms  —  Tinea  oxyacanthella  Linn.,  Cr ambus  oxyacanthae  Fabr. 
Hosts  —  Urtica,  Parietaria,  Symphytum,  Crataegus. 
Injury  —  Larva  feeds  in  leaf  roll. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Bechstein,  J.  M.,  and  Scharfenberg,  G.  L.     Naturgeschichte  der  sch ad- 
lichen  Forstinsekten,  p.  805.     1805. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2:297.     1910. 

fasciellus  Hub.,  Holcophora Fam.  Gelechiidae 

Hosts  —  Prunus,  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Larva  ties  leaves  together  and  feeds  on  them. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia  Minor. 

Reference  —  Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2:354.     1910. 

fletcherella  Fern.,  Coleophora  (Cigar  case-bearer) Fam.  Elachistidae 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Crataegus,  Pyrus,  Cydonia. 

Injury  —  Larva  eats  holes  into  leaf  and  makes  a  small  blotch  mine  around  each  hole. 

Distribution  —  North  America. 

References  —  Hammar,  A.  G.     U.  S.  Ent.  Bur.     Bui.  80:33.     1909. 

Slingerland,  M.  V.,  and  Crosby,  C.  R.   Manual  of  fruit  insects,  p.  47.  1914. 

fulminea  Scop.,  Catocala Fam.  Noctuidae 

Synonym  —  Catocala  paranympha  Linn. 
Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Primus,  Pyrus,  Quercus. 
Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage. 


1116  LEPIDOPTERA 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia. 

References  —  Kaltenbsch,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  208.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  1 : 347.     1908. 

geminatella  Pack.,  Ornix  (Unspotted  tentiform  leaf  miner  of  apple) Fam.  Gracilariidae 

Synonym  —  Lithocolletis  prunivorella  Chamb. 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Pyms,  Prunus. 

Injury  —  Larva  mines  in  leaf. 

Distribution  —  Eastern  United  States. 

Reference  —  Haseman,  L.     Journ.  agr.  res.  6:289.     1916. 

glaucatus  Schiff.,  Cilex Fam.  Drepanidne 

Hosts  —  Prunus,  Crataegus. 
Injury  —  Larva  feeds  on  foliage. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asix 

References      Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  208.     187  . 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  1 : 107.     1908. 

gothica  Linn.,  Taeniocampa Fam.  Noctuidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Tilia,  Quercus,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Larva  feeds  on  foliage . 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asi°,. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  208.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  1 : 239.     1908. 

gratiosella  Stt.,  Nepticula Fam.  Nepliculidae 

Host  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha. 

Injury  —  Larva  mines  in  leaf. 

Distribution  —  Europe. 

Reference  —  Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Eurcpas,  2 : 476.     1910. 

grotiana  T.,  Dichelia Fam.  Tortricidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Quercus,  Ulmus,  Rubus,  and  other  species. 

Injury  —  Larva  ties  leaves  and  feeds  on  them. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia  Minor. 

Reference  —  Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Eurcpps,  2 : 246.     1910. 

hellerella  Dup.,  Blastodacna Fam.  Cbsmopterygidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Malus,  Pyrus. 

Injury  —  Larva  tunnels  in  fruit  of  Crataegus  and  in  fruit  spurs  and  buds  of  apple. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Theobald,  F.  V.     Insect  pests  of  fruits,  p.  92.     1£09. 
Spuler,   A.     Schmetterlinge   Eurcpas,    2:387.     1910. 

hemerobiella  Scop.,  Coleophora Fam.  Elachistidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Pyrus,  Prunus. 

Injury  —  Larva  eats  star-shaped  area  from  under  side  of  leaf. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  210.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2 : 400.     1910. 

heparana  Schiff.,  Pandemis Fam.  r  ortricidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Prunus,  Sorbus,  Malus,  Alnus,  Betula,  Fagus,  and  other  species. 

Injury  —  Larva  rolls  leaf  and  feeds  within  the  roll. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Japan. 

Reference  —  Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2: 249.     1910. 

holmiana  Linn.,  Acalla Fam.  Tortricidce 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Rosa,  Prunus,  Malus,  Pyrus,  Quercus. 


LEPIDOPTERA  1117 

Injury  —  Larva  ties  leaves  together  and  feeds  on  them. 

Distribution  —  Europe. 

Reference  —  Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2: 244.     1910. 

ignobilella  Stt.,  Nepticula Fam.  Nepticulidae 

Host  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha. 
Injury  —  Larva  mines  in  leaf. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  211.     1872. 
Spaler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2:477.     1910. 

incerta  Hufn.,  Taeniocampa Fam.  Noctuidae 

Synonym  —  Taenioc  mpa  instabilis  Hiib. 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Salix,  Prunus,  Quercus,  Malus,  and  other  species. 

Injury  —  Larva  eats  leaves,  and  sometimes  eats  holes  in  apple  fruit. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia,  South  America. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  208.     1872. 

Theobald,  F.  V.     Insect  pests  of  fruits,  p.  66.     1909. 

indigenella  Zell.,  Mineola  (Leaf  crumpler) Fam.  Pyralidae 

Synonyms  —  Acrobasis  nebulella  Riley,  Phycita  nebulo  Walsh. 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Crataegus,  Hicoria  pecan,  and  other  species. 

Injury  —  Larva  feeds  on  leaves,  living  in  a  case  composed  of  leaf  particles  and  silk. 

Distribuiion  —  North  America. 

Reference  —  Riley,  C.  V.     Fourth  Missouri  report,  p.  42.     1872. 

integerrima  G.  and  R.,  Datana  (Black-walnut  caterpillar) Fam.  Notodontidae 

Hosts  —  Juglans,  Hicoria,  Malus,  Crataegus,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Larvae  defoliate  branches,  feeding  in  a  colony. 
Distribution  —  Eastern  United  States. 
Reference  —  Packard,  A.  S.     Nat.  Acad.  Sci.     Memoir  1 : 120.     1895. 

inusitatumetla  Chamb.,  Ornix ; Fam.  Gracilariidae 

Host  -  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Larva  mines  in  upper  surface  of  leaf. 

Distribuiion  —  Eastern  United  States. 

References  —  Chambers,  V.  T.     Can.  ent.  5 : 48.     1873. 

Packard,  A.  S.     Fifth  rept.  U.  S.  Ent.  Comm.,  p.  536.     1890. 

io  Fabr.,  Automeris Fam.  Saturniidae 

(See  page  1073.) 

janthinana  Dup.,  Grapholitha Fam.  Tortricidae 

Synonym —  Tortrix  incisani  Schiff. 
Host  —  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Larva  tunnels  in  fruit,  then  in  twigs. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia  Minor. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  210.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2:294.     1910. 

lacustrata  Guen.,  Mesoleuca Fam.  Geometridae 

Hosts  —  Rubus,  Betula,  Crataegus,  Salix. 

Injury  —  Larva  feeds  on  foliage. 

Distribution  —  Northeastern  North  America,  Europe. 

References  —  Packard,  A.  S.    A  monograph  of  the  geometrid  moths  of  the  United  States, 

p.  158.     1876. 
Smith,  J.  B.     Insects  of  New  Jersey,  p.  497.     1909. 

lanestris  Linn.,  Eriogaster Fam.  Lasiocampidae 

Hosts  —  Prunus,  Crataegus,  Betula,  Tilia,  Salix. 


1118  LEPIDOPTERA 

Injury  —  Larvae  defoliate  branches,  feeding  gregariously  in  a  white  tent  of  silk. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  208.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  1 : 117.     1908. 

leucatella  Clerck.,  Recurvaria Fam.  Gelechiidac 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Pyrus,  Prunus,  Sorbus. 
Injury  —  Larva  ties  leaves  together  and  feeds  on  them. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  210.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2 : 356.     1910. 

leucophaearia  Schlff.,  Hibernia Fam.  Geometridae 

Hosts  —  Quercus,  Crataegus,  Prunus,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia,  Japan. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  209.     1872.. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2 : 98.     1910. 

leucostigma  A.  and  S.,  Hemerocampa  (White-marked  tussock  caterpillar) .  .Fam.  Lymantriidae 
(See  page  1075.) 

limbata  Haw.,  Nematocampa Fam.  Geometridae 

Synonym  —  Nematocampa  filamentaria  Guen. 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Fragaria. 

Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage. 

Distribution  —  North  America. 

References  —  Packard,  A.  S.    A  monograph  of  the  geometrid  moths  of  the  United  States, 

p.  471.     1876. 
Packard,  A.  S.    Fifth  rept.  U.  S.  Ent.  Comm.,  p.  536.     1890. 

parops  Bdv.  and  Lee.,  Strymon  (Striped  hair-streak) Fam.  Lycaenidae 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Crataegus,  Prunus,  Amelanchier,  Salix,  Quercus,  and  other  species. 

Injury  —  Larva  eats  entire  leaf  and  sometimes  bores  into  fruit. 

Distribution  —  United  States,  Canada. 

References  —  Scudder,  S.     Butterflies  of  New  England,  2:877.     1889. 

Packard,  A.  S.     Fifth  rept.  U.  S.  Ent.  Comm.,  p.  536.     1890. 

ludifica  Linn.,  Trichosea Fam.  Noctuidae 

Hosts  —  Sorbus,  Crataegus,  Malus. 

Injury  —  Larva  eats  leaves. 

Distribution  —  Europe. 

Reference  —  Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,   1 : 135.     1908. 

lunaria  Schiff.,  Selenia .  Fam.  Geometridae 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Prunus,  Crataegus,  and  other  species. 

Injury  —  Larva  eats  leaves. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia. 

Reference  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  165.     1872. 

lutarea  Haw.,  Swammerdamia : .  .Fam.  Yponomeutidae 

Synonym  —  Swammerdamia  oxyacanthella  Dup. 
Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Sorbus. 

Injury  —  Larva  eats  parenchymous  tissue  of  leaves,  which  it  ties  together. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,   J.   H.     Pflanzenfeinde,   p.   210,   782.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2 : 445.     1910. 


LEPIDOPTERA  1119 

luteicoma  G.  and  R.,  Acronycta Fam.  Noctuidae 

(See  page  1073.) 

luteolata  Linn.,  Opisthograptis * Fam.  Geometridae 

Synonym  —  Rumia  crataegata  Linn. 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Prunus,  Malus,  Pyrus,  Sorbus. 

Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia,  northern  Africa. 

Reference  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  165.     1872. 

m ignatius  Gusn.,  Ennomos Fam.  Geometridae 

(See  page  1076.) 

malifoliella  Clem.,  Tischeriz  (Apple  trumpet  leaf -miner) Fam.  Gracilariidae 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Larva  mines  in  upper  side  of  leaf,  widening  the  rr.ine  gradually  as  it  grows. 
Distribution  —  North  America. 

References  —  Packard,  A.  S.     Fifth  rept.  U.  S.  Ent.  Comm.,  p.  536.     1890. 
Quaintance,  A.  L.     U.  S.  Ent.  Bur.     Bui.  68:23.     1908. 

malimalifoliellaRTa,\in,  Lithocolletis  (Spctted  tentiform  leaf  miner  of  apple)  .Fam.  Gracilariidae 
Hosts  —  Malus,  Cydonia,  Crataegus  mollis. 
Injury  —  Larva  mines  in  under  side  of  leaf. 
Distribution  —  Eastern  United  States. 
Reference  —  Braun,  A.  F.     Amer.  Ent.  Sec.     Trans.  34:300.     1908. 

malivorella  Riley,  Coleophora  (Pistol  case-bearer) Fam.  Elachistidae 

(See  page  1079.) 

manteo  Doub.,  Heteroczmpi Fam.  Notodontidae 

(See  page  1074.) 

marginaria  Borckh.,  Hibernia Fam.  Geometridae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Betula,  Quercus,  Tilia,  Populus,  and  other  species. 

Injury  —  Larva  eats  foh'age. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia. 

References  —  Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2:99.     1910. 

Pierce,  W.  D.     Manual  of  dangerous  insects,  p.  132.     1917. 

melinus  Hub.,  Strymon  (Common  hair-streak) Fam.  Lycaenidae 

Hosts  —  Hops,  beans,  Crataegus,  and  other  species. 

Injury  —  Larva  eats  leaves  and  sometimes  bores  into  fruit. 

Distribution  —  North  America,  Central  America. 

References  —  Scudder,  S.     Butterflies  of  New  England,  2:850.     1889. 

Packard,  A.  S.     Fifth  rept.  U.  S.  Ent.  Comm.,  p.  535.     1890. 
Crosby,    C.    R.,    and    Leonard,    M.  D.      Manual    of   vegetable  garden 
insects,  p.  84.     1918. 

ministra  Dm.,  Datana  (Yellow-necked  apple  caterpillar) Fam.  Notodontidae 

(See  page  1075.) 

myopiforme  Bkh.,  Trochilium Fam.  Sesiidae 

Hosts  —  Malus  mzlus,  Pyrus  communis,  Prunus  domestica,  Crataegus. 
Injury  —  Larva  tunnels  under  bark  of  unhealthy  trees. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia  Minor. 
Reference  —  Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2: 310.     1910. 

myops  A.  and  S.,  Paonizs , , Fam.  Sphingidae 

Hosts  —  Prunus,  Crataegus,  Salix,  Corylus,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Larva  eats  leaves. 


1120  LEPIDOPTERA 

Distribution  —  Eastern  United  States. 

Reference  —  Packard,  A.  S.     Fifth  rept.  U.  S.  Ent.  Comm.,  p.  525,  536.     1890. 

naevana  Hub.,  Rhopobota Fam.  Tortricidae 

Hosts  —  Prunus,  Crataegus,  Malus,  Rhamnus,  Sorbus,  Ilex,  and  other  species. 
Injury — Larva  eats  leaves  of  new  shoots  and  ties  them  together. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  210.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2 : 273.     1910. 

nanella  Hub.,  Recurvaria  (Lesser  apple  bud  moth) Fam.  Gelechiidae 

Synonym  —  Recurvaria  crataegella  Busck. 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Malus,  Pyrus,  Prunus. 

Injury  —  Larvae  destroy  opening  buds,  and  mine  in  leaves  in  late  summer. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  North  America. 

References  —  Scott,  E.  W.,  and  Paine,  J.  H.     U.  S.  Agr.  Dept.     Bui.  113.     1914. 

Sanders,   G.  E.,  and  Dustan,  A.  G.     Canada  Agr.   Dept.,   Ent.   Branch. 
Bui.  16:33.     1919. 

neustria  Linn.,  Malacosoma  (Lackey  moth) Fam.  Lasiocampidae 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Pyrus,  Prunus,  Crataegus,  Populus,  Betula,  Quercus,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Larva  eats  leaves,  frequently  defoliating  fruit  trees,  and  builds  silken  ten^ 

over  colony. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia. 

References  —  Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  1 : 115.     1908. 
Theobald,  F.  V.     Insect  pests  of  fruits,  p.  30.     1909. 

nitidella  Fabr.,  Argyresthia  (Cherry  fruit  moth) Fam.  Yponomeutidae 

Hosts  —  Prunus,  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Larva  destroys  young  shoots  of  hawthorn,  and  bores  into  cherry  fruit. 

Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  211.     1872. 

Theobald,  F.  V.     Insect  pests  of  fruits,  p.  192.     1909. 

Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2:447.     1910. 

nitidella  Hein.,  Nepticula Fam.  Nepticulidae 

Host  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha. 

Injury  —  Larva  mines  in  leaf. 

Distribution  —  Southwestern  Germany. 

Reference  —  Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2:474.     1910. 

nubeculana  Clem.,  Ancylis Fam.  Tortricidae 

.(See  page  1077.) 

nubilana  Hub.,  -Cnephasia Fam.  Tortricidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Pyrus,  Prunus,  Malus,  Betula. 
Injury  —  Larva  feeds  between  leaves  tied  together  with  silk. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  209.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2 : 253.     1910. 

occidentalis  G.  and  R.,  Acronycta v Fam.  Noctuidae 

(See  page  1074.) 

ocellana  Fabr.,  Tmetocera  (Bud  moth) Fam.  Tortricidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Sorbus,  Malus,  Pyrus,  Cydonia,  Prunus,  Rubus,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Larva  destroys  buds  in  early  spring,  and  later  ties  the  leaves  together  and  feeds 

on  them. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  North  America. 


LEPIDOPTERA  1121 

\ 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  192.     1872. 

Slingerland,  M.  V.     Cornell  Univ.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  107.     1896. 
Theobald,  F.  V.     Insect  pests  of  fruits,  p.  82.     1909. 

oleigina  Fabr.,  Valeria Fam.  Noctuidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Prunus. 

Injury  —  Larva  feeds  on  foliage  at  night. 

Distribution  —  Southern  Europe,  Asia  Minor. 

Reference  —  Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,    1 : 185.     1908. 

oreasella  Clem.,  Argyresthia Fam.  Yponomeutidae 

(See  page  1078.) 

oxyacanthae  Frey,  Lithocolletis Fam.  Gracilariidae 

Host  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha. 
Injury  —  Larva  mines  in  under  side  of  leaf. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  211.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2  : 415.     1910. 

oxyacanthae  Linn.,  Miselia Fam.  Noctuidae 

Host  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha. 

Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage  at  night. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia  Minor. 

References  —  Bechstein,  J.  M.,  and  Scharfenberg,  G.  L.     Naturgeschichte  der.  schad- 

lichen  Forstinsekten,  p.  504.     1805. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  1 : 204.     1908. 

oxyacanthella  Stt.,  Nepticula Fam.  Nepticulidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha,  Mains  malus,  Sorbus. 
Injury  —  Larva  mines  in  leaf  on  upper  side. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  199.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2:474.     1910. 

padellus  Linn.,  Yponomeuta  (Hawthorn  ermine  moth) » .Fam.  Yponomeutidae 

Synonym  —  Hyponomeuta  padella  Linn. 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Prunus,  Vitis. 

Injury  —  Larvae  mine  in  leaves  while   young,   then   skeletonize  leaves  while   living 

colonially  in  tents. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  North  America  (recently  imported). 
References  —  Theobald,  F.  V.     Insect  pests  of  fruits,  p.  86.     1909. 

Parrott,  P.  J.     Journ.  econ.  ent.  1 1 :55.     1918. 

i 

pariana  Clerck.,  Simaethis Fam.  Glyphipterygidae 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Sorbus,  Crataegus,  Betula,  Prunus. 
Injury  —  Larva  makes  a  slight  web  over  the  leaf,  then  skeletonizes  it. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia  Minor,  North  America  (recently  imported). 
References  —  Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2:297.     1910. 

Felt,  E.  P.     New  York  State  Mus.     Bui.  202:33.     1917. 

pedaria  Fabr.,  Phigalia Fam.  Geometridae 

Hosts  —  Pyrus,  Quercus,  Betula,  Prunus,  Crataegus,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  164.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2: 100.     1910. 


1122  LEPIDOPTERA 

podalirius  Linn.,  Papilio Fam.  Papilionidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Sorbus,  Prunus,  Amygdalus. 

Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage. 

Distribution  —  Southern  and  central  Europe,  Asia  Minor. 

Reference  —  Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,   1 : 2.     1908. 

polygama  Guen.,  Catocala ' Fam.  Noctuidae 

Host  —  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Larva  feeds  on  foliage. 

Distribution  —  Eastern  North  America. 

References  —  Saunders,  William.     Can.  ent.  8:72.     1876. 

Edwards,  H.     U.  S:  Nat.  Mus.     Bui.  35:97.     1889. 

polyphemus  Cram.,  Telea Fam.  Saturniidae 

Hosts  —  Quercus,  Ulmus,  Juglans,  Hicoria,  Tilia,  Betula,  Rosa,  Crataegus,  and  others. 
Injury  —  Larva  feeds  on  foliage. 
Distribution  —  North  America. 

References  —  Packard,  A.  S.     Fifth  rept.  U.  S.  Ent.  Comm.,  p.  536.     1890. 
Dickerson,  Mary  C.     Moths  and  butterflies,  p.  169.     1901. 

pometeria  Peck,  Alsophila  (Fall  cankerworm) Fam.  Geometridae 

(See  page  1076.) 

pomifoliella  Clem.,  Bucculatrix  (Ribbed-cocoon-maker  of  apple) Fam.  Lyonetiidae 

(See  page  1079.) 

pomonella  Linn.,  Cydia  (Codling  moth) Fam.  Tortricidae 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Pyrus,  Cydonia;  occasionally  Crataegus,  Rosa,  Prunus,  Juglans  regia. 

Injury  —  Larva  bores  in  fruit. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia,  North  America,  Africa,  Australia. 

References  —  Bruner,  L.     Nebraska  State  Hort.  Soc.     Rept.  1894:216.     1894. 

Slingerland,  M.  V.,  and  Crosby,  C.  R.     Manual  of  fruit  insects,  p.  10. 
1914. 

populi  Linn.,  Poecilocampa Fam.  Lasiocampidae 

Hosts  —  Populus,  Tilia,  Quercus,  Ulmus,  Betula,  Salix,  Crataegus,  Malus,  and  other 

species. 

Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia. 
References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.  Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  208.  1872. 

Theobald,  F.  V.     Insect  pests  of  fruits,  p.  34.     1909. 

porrinata  Zell.,  Nemoria Fam.  Geometridae 

Hosts  —  Corylus,  Crataegus,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Larva  eats  leaves. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  208.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2:4.     1910. 

praefica  Grote,  Prodenia  (Yellow-striped  army  worm) Fam.  Noctuidae 

Hosts  —  Medicago  saliva,  Vitis,  Crataegus,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage. 
Distribution  —  Pacific  coast  of  the  United  States. 

References  —  Essig,  E.  O.     Injurious  and  beneficial  insects  of  California,  p.  401.     1915. 
Crosby,  C.  R.,  and  Leonard,  M.  D.     Manual  of  vegetable  garden  insects, 
p.  295.     1918. 


LEPIDOPTERA  1123 

prunetorum  Stt.,  Nepticula Fam.  Nepticulidae 

Hosts  —  Primus,  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Larva  mines  in  leaf. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia  Minor. 

Reference  —  Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2: 476.     1910. 

pruniana  Hiib.,  Argyroploce Fam.  Tortricidae 

Hosts  —  Prunus,  Sorbus,  Rosa,  Salix,  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Larva  ties  leaves  together  and  feeds  on  them. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia  Minor. 

Reference  —  Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2: 265.     1910. 

prunivora  Walsh,  Laspeyresia  (Lesser  apple  worm) Fam.  Tortricidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Malus,  Prunus. 

Injury  —  Larva  bores  in  fruit. 

Distribution  —  North  America  east  of  Rocky  Mountains. 

Reference  —  Quaintance,  A.  L.     U.  S.  Ent.  Bur.     Bui.  68:49.     1908. 

psi  Linn.,  Acronycta  (Dagger  moth) Fam.  Noctuidae 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Prunus,  Crataegus,  Salix,  Rosa,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia,  Japan. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  208.     1872. 
Theobald,  F.  V.     Insect  pests  of  fruits,  p.  41.     1909. 

pudibunda  Linn.,  Dasychira  (Red-tail  moth) Fam.  Lymantriidae 

Hosts  —  Species  a  general  feeder  on  fruit  and  forest  trees.     Crataegus  a  favored  food 

plant. 

Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia. 
References  —  Spuler,  A.  Schmetterlinge  Europas,  1 : 129.  1908. 

Sorauer,  P.     Handbuch  der  Pflanzenkrankheiten,  3:384.     1913. 

purpuralis  Linn.,  Pyrausta Fam.  Pyralidae 

Hosts  —  Mentha,  Nepeta,  Plantago,  Crataegus. 
Injury  —  Larva  feeds  on  leaves  spun  together  with  silk. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  209.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2:236.     1910. 

pygmaeella  Haw.,  Nepticula Fam.  Nepticulidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha,  Malus  mains. 
Injury  —  Larva  mines  in  leaf. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  199.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2:473.     1910. 

pyramidea  Linn.,  Amphipyra Fam.  Noctuidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus  and  many  other  trees. 
Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia,  East  Indies. 
References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  208.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  1 : 238.     1908. 

pyramidoides  Guen.,  Amphipyra • Fam.  Noctuidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus  and  many  other  trees. 

Injury  - —  Larva  eats  foliage. 

Distribution  —  North  America. 

Reference  —  Packard,  A.  S.    Fifth  rept.  U.  S.  Ent.  Comm.,  p.  171,  536.     1890. 


1124  LEPIDOPTERA 

pyri  Harris,  Aegeria  (Pear  borer) Fam.  Sesiidae 

Synonym  —  Sesia  pyri  Boisd. 

Hosts  —  Pyrus,  Malus,  Crataegus,  Amelanchier,  Prunus. 

Injury  —  Larva  burrows  in  bark  and  sapwood. 

Distribution  —  Eastern  United  States. 

Reference  —  Brooks,  F.  E.     U.  S.  Agr.  Dept.     Bui.  887.     1920. 

pyrina  Linn.,  Zeuzera  (Leopard  moth) • Fam.  Cossidae 

Synonym  —  Zeuzera  aesculi  Linn. 

Hosts  —  Pyrus,  Malus,  Prunus,  Crataegus,  Fraxinus,  Populus,  Betula,  Ulmus,  and  other 

species. 

Injury  —  Larva  mines  in  solid  healthy  wood  of  branches. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia,  Japan,  North  America. 
References  —  Lintner,  A.  J.     Ninth  report  on  injurious  insects  of  New  York,  p.  426. 

1893. 
Theobald,  F.  V.     Insect  pests  of  fruits,  p.  46.     1909. 

quadrifasciana  Fern.,  Eulia Fam.  Tortricidae 

(See  page  1078.) 

quercifolia  Linn.,  Gastropacha  (Lappet  moth) \.  .  .  .Fam.  Lasiocampidae 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Pyrus,  Prunus,  Crataegus,  Quercus,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Larvae  defoliate  branches,  especially  of  nursery  trees,  in  spring. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia. 
References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  208.     1872. 

Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  1 : 122.     1908. 

Collinge,  W.  E.     Manual  of  injurious  insects,  p.  137.     1912. 

guercus  Linn.,  Lasiocampa Fam.  Lasiocampidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Quercus,  Betula,  Salix,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  208.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  1 : 118.     1908. 

quernaria  A.  and  S.,  Nacophora Fam.  Geometridae 

Hosts  —  Quercus,  Crataegus,  and  other  species. 

Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage. 

Distribution  —  Eastern  North  America. 

References  —  Packard,  A.  S.     A  monograph  of  the  geometrid  moths  of  the  United  States, 

p.  411.     1876. 
Edwards,  H.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.     Bui.  35:106. 


radcliffei  Harv.,  Acronycta Fam.  Noctuidae 

(See  page  1074.) 

regiella  H.  S.,  Nepticula Fam.  Nepticulidae 

Host  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha. 
Injury  —  Larva  mines  in  leaf. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  211.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2:475.     1910. 

rhediella  Clerck.,  Pamene Fam.  Tortricidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Malus,  Primus,  Cornus. 
Injury  —  Larva  feeds  in  fruit  of  Crataegus  and  also  eats  leaves. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia  Minor. 

References  —  Theobald,  F.  V.     Insect  pests  of  fruits,  p.  80.     1909. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2:296.     1910. 


LEPIDOPTERA  1125 

ribeana  Hiib.,  Pandemis Tarn.  Tortricidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Rosa,  Primus,  Malus,  Pyrus,  Quercus,  Sorbus,  and  other  species. 

Injury  —  Larva  ties  several  leaves  together  and  feeds  within. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia,  Japan,  East  Indies. 

Reference  —  Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2 : 249. '    1910. 

rosaceana  Harris,  Cacoecia  (Oblique-banded  leaf  roller) Fam.  Tortricidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Malus. 

Injury  —  Larvae  tie  leaves  together  and  feed  on  them. 
Distribution  —  North  America. 

References  —  Essig,  E.  O.     Injurious  and  beneficial  insects  of  California,  p.  441.     1915. 
Sanders,  G.  E.,  and  Dustan,  A.  G.     Canada  Agr.  Dept.,  Ent.  Branch. 
Bui.  16:30.     1919. 

rosana  Linn.,  Cacoecia Fam.  Tortricidae 

Synonym  —  Tortrix  laevigana  Schiff. 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Crataegus,  Pyrus,  Prunus,  and  other  species. 

Injury  —  Larvae  tie  leaves  together  and  feed  on  them. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia  Minor,  North  America. 

References  —  Theobald,  F.  V.     Insect  pests  of  fruits,  p.  80.     1909. 

Sorauer,  P.     Handbuch  der  Pftanzenkrankheiten,  3 : 299.     1913. 

scintillans  Braun,  Nepticula Fam.  Nepticulidae 

Host  —  Crataegus  mollis. 

Injury  —  Larva  mines  in  leaf. 

Distribution  —  Ohio. 

Reference  —  Braun,  A.  F.     Amer.  Ent.  Soc.     Trans.  43  : 167.     1917. 

scitella  Zell.,  Cemiostoma  (Pear  leaf  blister  moth) Fam.  Lyonetiidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Pyrus,  Prunus,  Sorbus. 

Injury  —  Larva  mines  in  leaf. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia  Minor. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  197.     1872. 

Theobald,  F.  V.     Insect  pests  of  fruits,  p.  330.     1909. 

Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2:223.     1910. 

scitula  Harris,  Sesia Fam.  Sesiidae 

(See  page  1076.) 

selenana  Guen.,  Ancylis. Fam.  Tortricidae 

Hosts  —  Pyrus,  Malus,  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Larva  ties  leaves  together  and  feeds  within. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia  Minor. 

Reference  —  Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2 : 270.     1910. 

signatana  Dgl.,  Steganoptycha Fam.  Tortricidae 

Synonym  —  Grapholitha  kroesmanniana  Hein. 
Hosts  —  Prunus,  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Larva  eats  young  terminal  leaves  after  tying  them  with  silk. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  209.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2 : 276.     1910. 

similis  Fuessl.,  Porthesia  (Gold-tail  moth) Fam.  Lymantriidae 

Synonym  —  Liparis  auriflua  Hub. 

Hosts  —  Crataegus  and  most  other  fruit  and  non-coniferous  forest  trees. 

Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage. 

Distribution  —  Europe. 


1126  LEPIDOPTERA 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  208.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  1 : 133.     1908. 

sphinx  Hufn.,  Brachionycha Fam.  Noctuidae 

Synonym  —  Asteroscopus  cassinia  S.  V. 

Hosts  —  Quercus,  Populus,  Malus,  Prunus,  Crataegus,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia  Minor. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  208.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  1 : 203.     1908. 

spiniana  Dup.,  Pamene Fam.  Tortricidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Prunus,  Alnus. 

Injury  —  Larva  feeds  in  blossom,  destroying  it. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  northern  Africa. 

Reference  —  Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2: 295.     1910. 

splendoriferella  Clem.,  Coptodisca  (Resplendent  shield-bearer) Fam.  Elachistidae 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Crataegus,  Prunus  serotina,  Pyrus,  Cydonia. 

Injury  —  Larva  mines  in  leaf  and  cuts  out  a  small  piece  of  the  leaf  for  its  case. 

Distribution  —  Northeastern  United  States. 

References  —  Packard,  A.  S.     Fifth  rept.  U.  S.  Fnt.  Ccmm.,  p.  536.     1890. 

Slingerland,  M.  V.,  and   Crosby,  C.  R.     Manual  of  fruit  insects,  p.  75. 
1914. 

spurcella  H.  S.,  Gelechia Fam.  Gelechiidae 

Hosts —  Prunus  spinosa,  Crataegus  oxyacantha. 

Injury  —  Larva  rolls  leaves. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia  Minor. 

Reference  —  Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2:361.     1910. 

steinkelneriana  Schiff.,  Epigraphia Fam.  Gelechiidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Sorbus,  Prunus  spinosa,  Fraxinus. 
Injury  —  Larva  ties  leaves  together  and  eats  them. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  210.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.    Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2 : 332.     1910. 

stimulea  Clem.,  Sibine  (Saddle-back  caterpillar) Fam.  Limacodidae 

Hosts  —  Species  a  general  feeder  on  fruit  and  forest  trees,  including  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage. 

Distribution  —  Eastern  North  America. 

References  —  Beutenmuller,  William.     Ent.  Amer.  4:75.     1888. 

Dyar,   H.  G.,  and   Morton,  E.  L.     New  York  Ent.   Soc.     Journ.  4:1. 
1896. 

strigata  Mull.,  Hemithea .  . Fam.  Geometridae 

Synonym  —  Nemoria  aestivaria  Hub. 

Hosts  —  Quercus,  Crataegus,  Corylus,  Syringa,  Malus,  Prunus,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia,  Japan. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  163.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2:5.     1910. 

strigosa  Fabr.,  Acronycta Fam.  Noctuidae 

Hosts  —  Prunus,  Crataegus,  Rhamnus. 

Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia. 

Reference  —  Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,   1:137.     1908. 


LEPIDOPTERA  1127 

subsignarius  Hiib.,  Ennomos .  .Fam.  Geometridae 

(See  page  1076.) 

suffusana  Z.,  Notocelia Fam.  Tortricidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Prunus,  Pyrus,  Malus. 

Injury  —  Larva  ties  together  leaf  cluster  and  feeds  within,  also  eats  leaf  buds. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia  Minor. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  209.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2:279.     1910. 

superans  Guen.,  Acronycta .  .  Fam.  Nocluidae 

(See  page  1074.) 

tesselaris  A.  and  S.,  Halisidota Fam  Arctiidae 

(See  page  1073.) 

textor  Harris,  Hyphantria  (Fall  webworm) Fam.  Arctiidae 

(See  page  1073.) 

thysbe  Fabr.,  Hemaris Fam.  Sphingidae 

Hosts  —  Viburnum,  Symphoricarpus,  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage. 

Distribution  —  Eastern  North  America. 

References  —  Fernald,  C.  H.     Sphingidae  of  New  England,  p.  16.     1886. 

Beutenmueller,  William.     Hawk  moths  of  the  vicinity  of  New  York  City, 
p.  9.     1903. 

tiliaria  Harris,  Erranis  (Lime-tree  span  worm) Fam.  Geometridae 

(See  page  1076.) 

tineana  Hub.,  Ancylis Fam.  Tortricidae 

Hosts  —  Populus,  Crataegus,  Prunus,  Malus. 
Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage  after  tying  it  with  silk. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  209.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2 : 270.     1910. 

tirhaca  Cr.,  Pseudophia Fam.  Noctuidae 

Synonym  —  Ophiusa  tirrhaea  Cr. 
Hosts  —  Rhus,  Pistacia,  Crataegus. 
Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage. 

Distribution  —  Southern  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  Australia,  and  islands  of  southern  Pacific. 
References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  208.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  - 1 : 312.     1908. 

titea  Cram.,  Phigalia Fam.  Geometridae 

(See  page  1076.) 

trapezina  Linn.,  Calymnia Fam.  Noctuidae 

Hosts  —  Quercus,  Salix,  Crataegus,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pnanzenfeinde,  p.  208.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  1 : 244.     1908. 

tridens  Schiff.,  Acronycta .Fam.  Noctuidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Prunus,  Malus,  Rosa,  Salix,  Rhamnus,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Larva  feeds  on  foliage. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  208.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  1 : 137.     1908. 


1128  LEPIDOPTERA 

turnus  Linn.,  Papilio  (Tiger  swallowtail) Fam.  Papilionidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Malus,  Cydonia,  Primus,  Betula,  Tilia,  Quercus,  Salix,  and  other 

species. 

Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage. 
Distribution  —  Eastern  North  America. 
References  —  Saunders,  William.     Can.  ent.  6 : 2.     1874. 

Packard,  A.  S.     Fifth  rept.  U.  S.  Ent.  Comm.,  p.  536.     1890. 

unicornis  A.  and  S.%  Schizura Fam.  Notodontidae 

Hosts  —  Malus,    Prunus,    Crataegus,    Ulmus,    Populus,    Corylus,   Quercus,    and   other 

species. 

Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage. 
Distribution  —  North  America. 
Reference  —  Packard,  A.  S.     Nat.  Acad.  Sci.     Memoir  1 : 203.     1895. 

variegana  Hub.,  Olethreutes Fam.  Tortr^'cidae 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Pyrus,  Crataegus,  Prunus,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Larva  ties  leaf  clusters  together  and  eats  leaves  and  buds. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia. 
References  —  Newstead,  R.     Gard.  chron.  1901 : 342.     1901. 

Theobald,  F.  V.     Insect  pests  of  fruits,  p.  82.     1909. 

vernata  Peck,  Paleacrita  (Spring  cankerworm) Fr.m.  Geometridae 

Hosts  —  Ulmus,  Malus,  Crataegus,  and  other  species. 

Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage. 

Distribution  —  North  America. 

Reference  —  Wellhousa,  W.  H.     Univ.  Kans.,  Ent.  Dept.     Bui.  11:283.     1917. 

vetusta  Boisd.,  Hemerocampa  (Western  tussock  moth) Fam.  Lymantriidae 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Prunus,  Crataegus,  Juglans,  Quercus,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Larva  eats  leaves  and  sometimes  young  fruit. 
Distribution  —  Pacific  coast  of  the  United  States. 

References  —  Branigan,  E.  J.     State  Comm.  Hort.  California.     Mo.  bul.  3:245.     1914. 
Essig,  E.  O.     Injurious  and  beneficial  insects  of  California,  p.  408.     1915. 

viridani  Walch.,  Chariptera Fam.  Noctuidae 

Hosts  —  Prunus,  Crataegus,  Pyrus. 

Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage  at  night. 

Distribution  —  Europe. 

Reference  —  Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  1 : 204.     1908. 

viridata  Linn.,  Nemorii Fam.  Geometridae 

Hosts  —  Calluna,  Cratiegus,  Rubus,  Quercus,  Betula,  Corylus,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  235.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2:4.     1910. 

vulgata  Haw.,  Tephroclystia Fam.  Geometridae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Polygonum,  Rubus,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage. 
Distribution  —  Europe,  Asia. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  209.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2:75.     1910. 

v  ulgella  Hub.,  Gelechia Fam.  Gelechiidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Prunus. 


LEPIDOPTEHA  —  DIPTERA  1129 

Injury  —  Larva  ties  together  a  cluster  of  leaves  and  feeds  within.  ' 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Ka.ltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p,  210.     1872. 
Spuler,  A.     Schmetterlinge  Europas,  2:358.     1910. 

DIPTERA 

absobrina  Felt,  Rhizomyia Fam.  Cecidomyiidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Populus,  Prunus  virginiana. 

Injury  —  Larva  found  in  leaf  gall. 

Distribution  —  North  America. 

Reference  —  Felt,  E.  P.     New  York  State  Mus.     Bui.  200:138.     1918. 

anthobia  F.  Loew,  Contarina Fam.  Cecidomyiidae 

Host  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha. 

'Injury  —  Solitary  larva  feeds  in  blossom  bud,  causing  it  to  remain  closed  and  swollen. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Ross,  H.     Die  Pflanzengallen  Mittel-  und  Nordeuropas,  p.   132.     1911. 
Basjnall,  R.  S.,  and'  Harrison,  J.  W.  H.    Ent.  Soc.  London.    Trans.  1917: 391. 
1917. 

bedeguar  Walsh,  Cecidomyia  (Tufted  thorn  gall) .Fam.  (Cecidomyiidae 

Host  —  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Larvae  deform  leaves  with  filamentous  subglobular  vein  galls,   1  cm.  long, 

generally  found  on  the  midveins. 
Distribution  —  North  America. 
References  —  Walsh,  B.  D.     Can.  ent.  1 : 79.     1869. 

Felt,  E.  P.     New  York  State  Mus.     Bui.  200: 138.     1918. 

cerasifolia  Felt,  Mycodiplosis Fam.  Cecidomyiidae 

Hosts  —  Prunus  virginiana,  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Larvae  live'  in  galls  on  hawthorn  fruit  caused  by  Gymnosportmgium  clavipes, 

and  feed  on  the  rust  spores. 
Distribution  —  North  America. 

References  —  Felt,  E.  P.     New  York  State  Mus.     Bui.  200: 152.     1918. 
Wellhouse,  W.  H.     Ent.  news  30: 144.     1919. 

circumdata  Winn.,  Perrisia Fam.  Cecidomyiidae 

Host  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha. 

Injury  —  Larva  lives  in  leaf  gall. 

Distribution  —  Germany. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  212.     1872. 

Kieffer,  J.  J.     Genera  insectorum,  fasc.  152,  p.  75.     1913. 

crataegi  Winn.,  Perrisia Fam.  Cecidomyiidae 

Host  —  Crataegus  oxyacantha. 

Injury  —  Colonies  of  larvae  cause  rosettes  of  deformed  sessile  leaves,  which  make  trees 

and  hedges  unsightly. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 
References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.  Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  212.  1872. 

Connold,  E.  T.     British  vegetable  galls,  p.  190.     1902. 

crataegifolia  Felt,  Hormomyia  (Thorn  cockscomb  gall) Fam.  Cecidomyiidae 

Host  —  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Larva  deforms  leaf  with  a  green  or  red  gall  1  cm.  long,  shaped  like  a  cockscomb. 

Distribution  —  United  States. 

References  —  Felt,  E.  P.     Journ.  econ.  ent.  1 : 20.     1908. 

Felt,  E.  P.     New  York  State  Mus.     Bui.  200: 136.     1918. 
(Figs.  116  and  117,  pa^e  10 32.) 


1130  DlPTERA 

crataegifolia  Felt,  Lestodiplosis  (Hawthorn  f ringed-cup  gall) Fam.  Cecidomyiidae 

Host  —  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Larva  causes  a  gall  on  leaf  or  twig. 
Distribution  —  United  States. 

References  —  Felt,  E.  P.     New  York  State  Mus.     Bui.  124:408.     1908. 
Felt,'  E.  P.     New  York  State  Mus.     Bui.  200:138.     1918. 
(Figs.  114  and  115,  page  1081.) 

excavata  Felt,  Lasioptera  (Purple  leaf  blotch) Fam.  Cecidomyiidae 

Host  —  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Larvae  deform  leaves  with  green  or  reddish,  blister-like  mines,  about  8  mm. 

in  diameter. 

Distribution  —  United  States. 
Reference  —  Felt,  E.  P.     New  York  State  Mus.     Bui.  200:138.     1918. 

hirta  Felt,  Rhizomyia Fam.  Cecidomyiidae 

Host  —  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Species  probably  inquiline  in  blister  mine  made  by  Lasioptera  excavata. 

Distribution  —  United  States. 

Reference  —  Felt,  E.  P.     New  York  State  Mus.     Bui.  200: 138.  "  1918. 

hudsonici  Felt,  Winnertzii Fam.  Cecidomyiidae 

Host  —  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Larva  deforms  leaf  with  stout,  cup-shaped,  fimbriate,  unicellular  gall. 

Distribution  —  United  States. 

Reference  —  Felt,  E.  P.     New  York  State  Mus.     Bui.  200: 138.     1918. 

pomonella  Walsh,  Rhagoletis  (Apple  maggot) Fam.  Trypetidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Malus,  Vaccinium,  Symphoricarpos. 

Injury  —  Larva  tunnels  in  fruit. 

Distribution  —  Eastern  North  America. 

References  —  Walsh,  B.  D.     First  annual  report  on  noxious  insects  of  Illinois,  p.  30. 


O'Kane,  W.  C.     New  Hampshire  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  171.     1914. 
Severin,  H.  H.  P.    State  Comm.  Hort.  California.     Mo.  bul.  7:430.     1918. 

venae  Felt,  Lobopteromyii  (Thorn  vein  gall) Fam.  Cecidomyiidae 

Host  —  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Larva  causes  oval,  smooth,  fleshy  gall,  5  to  8  mm.  long,  on  leaf  vein. 
Distribution  —  United  States. 

'Reference  —  Felt,  E.  P.     New  York  State  Mus.     Bul.  200:138.     1918. 
(Figs.  118  and  119,  page  1083.) 

venitalis  Felt,  Dicrodiplosis Fam.  Cecidomyiidae 

Host  —  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Larva  found  in  same  gall  with  Lobopteromyia  venae. 

Distribution  —  United  States. 

Reference  —  Felt,  E.  P.     New  York  State  Mus.     Bul.  200  : 138.     1918. 

Cecidomyia  sp.  (a.  2727  Felt) Fam.  Cecidomyiidae 

Host  —  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Larvae  cause  subglobose,  greenish,  sometimes  confluent,  frequently  pointed, 

polythalamous  vein  galls,  the  under  side  reddish,  diameter  3  mm. 
Distribution  —  United  States. 
Reference  —  Felt,  E.  P.     New  York  State  Mus.    Bul.  200  : 138.     1918. 

Cecidomyia  sp.  (a.  1840  Felt)  (Thorn  spindle  gall) ,Fj,.n.  Cecidomyiidae 

Host  —  Crataegus. 


•9  DIPTERA  —  HYMENOPTERA  1 131 

Injury  —  Larva  causes  a  spindle-shaped  thickened  gall  on  leaf  vein,  green  or  reddish, 

length  1  cm.,  diameter  2  mm. 
Distribution  —  Eastern  United  States. 
Reference  —  Felt,  E.  P.     New  York  State  Mus.     Bui.  200  : 138.     1918. 

(Figs.  120  and  121,  page  1034.) 

HYMENOPTERA 

betuleti  Klg.,  Trichiosoma Fam.  Tenthredinidae 

Synonyms  —  Cimbex  crataegi  Wd.,   Trichiosoma  tibialis  Steph. 
Host  —  Crataegus. 
Injury  —  Larva  eats  foliage. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 
efer  nces  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  211.     1872. 

Andre",  Ed.     Species  des  Hym<§nopteres  d'Europe,  1:27.     1879. 

cerasi  Linn.,  Caliroa  (Pear  and  cherry  slug) Fam.  Tenthredinidae 

Hosts  —  Prunus,  Crataegus,  Pyrus.  and  other  species. 

Injury  —  Larvae  skeletonize  leaves. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  North  America,  Australia. 

References  —  Slingerland,  M.  V.,  and  Crosby,  C.  R.     Manual  of  fruit  insects,  p.  214. 

1914. 
MacGillivray,  A.  D.     Hymenoptera  of  Connecticut,  p.  79.     1916. 

collaris  MacG.,  Profenusa  (Cherry  and  hawthorn  sawfly  leaf  miner) . .  .  .Fam.  Tenthredinidae 
Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Prunus  cerasus. 
Injury  - —  Larva  mines  in  leaf,  causing  brown  blister  which  may  cover  from  a  quarter 

to  the  whole  of  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaf. 
Distribution  —  Massachusetts,  New  York. 

Reference  —  Parrott,  P.  J.,  and  Fulton,  B.  B.     New  York  (Geneva)  Agr.  Exp.  Sta. 
Bui.  411.     1915. 

druparum  Boh.,  Syntomaspis  (Apple  seed  chalcid) •.  .  .  .Fam.  Chalcididae 

Hosts  —  Malus,  Pyrus,  Sorbus,  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Oviposition  punctures  cause  dimples  in  fruit,  and  larvae  destroy  seeds. 

Distribution  —  Europe,  North  America. 

References  —  Schlechtendall,  D.  von.     Ztschr.  Naturwiss.  Halle  61 : 415.     1888. 

Cushman,  R.  A.     Journ.  agr.  res.  7:487.     1916. 

Woodruffe-Peacock,  E.  A.    Naturalist  (London),  no.  753,  p.  329.    1919. 

flaviventris  Retz.,  Lyda Fam.  Tenthredinidae 

Synonym  —  Lyda  clypeata  Klg. 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Pyrus. 

Injury  —  Larvae  defoliate  branches,  feeding  in  colonies. 

Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  206.     1872. 

Andr6,  Ed.     Species  des  Hyme"nopteres  d'Europe,  1 :516.     1879. 

humeralis  Fourc.,  Cimbex Fam.  Tenthredinidae 

Synonym  —  Cimbex  axillaris  Pz. 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Prunus  padus. 

Injury  —  Larva  feeds  on  foliage. 

Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Kaltenbach,  J.  H.     Pflanzenfeinde,  p.  212.     1872. 

Andr6,  Ed.     Species  des  Hyme"nopteres  d'Europe,   1 : 24.     1879. 


1132  HYMENOPTERA 

padi  Linn.,  Priophorus Fam.  Tenthredinidae 

Hosts  —  Crataegus,  Pyrus,  Prunus,  Malus,  Sorbus,  and  other  species. 
Injury  —  Larva  skeletonizes  leaves. 
Distribution  —  Europe. 

References  —  Andre\  Ed.     Species  des  Hym^nept  eres  d'Europe,   1 : 84.     1879. 
Collinge,  W.  E.     Manual  of  injurious  insects,  p.  219.     1912. 

punctum-album  Linn.,  Macrophya Fam.  Tenthredinidae 

Hosts  —  Fraxinus,  Ligustrum,  Crataegus. 

Injury  —  Larva  feeds  on  foliage. 

Distribution  —  Europe. 

Reference  —  Andre\  Ed.     Species  des  Hym£nopt3res  d'Europe,  1 :359.     1879. 

Four  species  of  unidentified  sawflies  (pages  1086  and  1087.) 


INDEX  OF  GENERA  AND  SPECIES 
(Synonyms  are  in  italics) 


A 

Acalla  contaminana  

PAGE 

1113 

Argyresthia  pruniella  

PA.GE 
1115 

holmiana  

1116 

Argyroploce  pruniana.  . 

1123 

Acrobasis  nebulella  

1117 

Aspidiotus  hederae 

1095 

Acronycta  americana  

.  .   1(T3,   1109 

nerii  

1095 

dactylina  
euphorbiae  
luteicoma  
occidentals  

.  .    10.-3,   1114 
1115 
.  .    1073,   1119 
.    1074,    1120 

ostreiformis  
oxyacanthae  
perniciosus  
piri 

.    1097 

1097 
1065,   1098 
1098 

psi  

1123 

Asteroscopu?  cassinia  

1126 

radcliffei  
strigosa  
superans  
tridens  

.  .    1074,   1124 
1126 
.  .    1074,   1127 
1127 
1124 

Automeris  io  

B 

Basilarchia  arthemis  

1073,  1117 
.    1110 

Agrilus  politus  
sinuatus 

1106 
1108 

astyanax  
Blastodacna  curvilineella  

1110 
1080,   1114 

hellerella  

1116 

Agriotes  pubescens 

1065    1107 

Brachionycha  sphinx  

.    1126 

Brachys  aerosus. 

1066    1101 

Alsophila  pometeria  
Alticopus  qaleazii 

.  .   1076,   1122 
1107' 

Bucculatrix  crataegi  

1113 

pomif  oliella.  . 

1079    1122 

Amphidasis  betularia  
Amphipyra  pyramidea  . 
pyramidoides  
Ancylis  nubeculana  
selenana  

1111 
1123 
.  .   1074,   1123 
.  .    1077,   1120 
1125 

Byturus  tomentosus  

C 

Cacoecia  crataesjana 

1108 
1113 

tineana  
Anisopteryx  aescularia 

1127 
1109 

rosaceana  

1078,  1125 
1125 

Anthaxia  quercata  
Anthonomopsis  mixtus 

1107 
1105 

Caliroa  cerasi  

1086,   1131 
1105 

Anthonomus  decipiens  

1103 

Calymnia  trapezina 

1127 

flavicornis  

1104 
1068    1105 

Capsus  medius  

.    1097 
1109 

pomorum  

.'   1106 

Catocala  blandula  

1111 

prof  undus  
Aphis  avenae  (Amer.  authors)  

1106 
1098 

crataegi  
fulminea  

1113 
.    1115 

1097 

1115 

bakeri  
brevis  
crataegi  Buck  
crataegi  Kalt.  
crataegi  Koch  
crataegiella                     .  . 

1092 
1092 
1094 
1093 
1093 
1094 

polygama  
Cecidomyia  bedeguar  
sp.  (a.  1840  Felt)., 
sp.  (a.  2727  Felt)  .  . 
Cemiostoma  scitella  
Ceratocapsus  pumilus 

1122 
1129 
1082,  1130 
1130 
1125 
1099 

1064    1094 

1092 

crataegus-coccinea  
edentula 

.    1094 
1095 

taurina  

1063,  1100 
1099 

fitchii  
mali 

.    1098 
1098 

Chalepus  dorsalis  
Chariptera  yiridana 

1103 
..    .                 1128 

malifoliae  
marutae.  ;  

1099 
.    1096 
1097 

Cheirnatobia  brumata  
Chermes  quercus  

1111 
1094 
1065    1095 

oxyacanthae  Schr  
padi  

.    1098 
1097 

Choragus  scheppardi  
Chrysobothris  femorata  

.  1107 
1050,   1103 

pomi  

.      1065    1098 

Cilex  glaucatus  

1116 

1093 

Cimbex  axillaris     

1131 

1093 

1131 

rumicis  
sorbi  
Apion  pomonae  
Aporia  crataegi  
.  Archips  argyrospila  
Arg3rre^thia  ephippella 

1099 
1099 
1106 
1113 
.  .   1077,  1110 
1115 

humeralis  
Cnephasia  nubilana  
Coleophora  anatipennella  
fletcherella  
hemerobiella  
malivorella  

1131 
1120 
1109 
1079,  1115 
1116 
1079,   1119 

nitidella  
oreasella  

1120 
.  .   1078,  1121 

tiliella  
Conotrachelus  crataegi  

1109 
.  1051,  1068,  1103 

1133 


1134 


INDEX 


Conotrachelus  naso 

nenuphar... . 
posticatua. .  .  . 

Contarina  anthobia 

Coptodisca  splendoriferella. . 
Gorythucha  arcuata 

bellula 

brunnea 

crataegi 

cydoniae 

Cr ambus  oxyacanthae 

Crepidodera  helxines 

Cryptocephalus  bipunctatus. 
Cydia  pomonella 


Dasychira  pudibunda 

Datana  integerrima 

ministra 

Deraeocoris  olivaceus 

Diaphnidia  pellucida 

Diaspis  piri 

Dibolia  borealis 

Dichelia  grotiana 

Dichelonycha  elongata 

testacea 

Dicrodiplosis  venitalis 

Diloba  coeruleocephala 

Diphucephala  colaspidoides. . 


PAGE 

.  1105 

.  1105 
1106 

.  1129 

1079,  1126 

1095 

1056,  1092 

.  1092 
1095 

.  1095 

1115 

1067,  1104 

1050,  1101 

.  1122 


Eccoptogaster  pruni.  .  .  . 

rugulosus. 

Empoa  querci 


Empoasca  mail 

Ennomos  magnarius 

subsignarius 

Epetrimerus  armatus 

Epiblema  biscutana 

Epicnaptera  americana 

Epidiaspis  betulae 

leperi 

piricola 

Epigraphia  steinkelneriana 

Epitrix  cucumeris 

Erineum  clandestinum 

oxyacanthae 

Eriogaster  catax , 

lanestris 

Eriophyes  calycobius 

crataegi 

crataegi-vermiculus . 

goniothorax 

pyracanthae 

pyri 

sp.  No.  1 

sp.  No.  2 

sp.  No.  3 

Eriosoma  crataegi 

lanigera 

Erranis  tiliaria 

Erythroneura  obliqua 

E-ulecanium  pyri 

Eulia  quadrifasciana 

Euproctis  chryaorrhea 

Eupteryx  vanduzei 

Euscelis  curtisii 

Eutettix  seminudus 

Euthrips  tritici 

Exapate  congelatella 


1H3 

1117 

1075,  1119 

1097 

1055,  1098 

1092 

1067,   1102 
1116 

1066,  1103 

1067,  1108 
1130 

.  1112 
.  1102 


1106 

......  1107 

1062,  1099 

1099 

1061,  1096 

1076,  1119 

1076,  1127 

1090 

1111 

1075,  1109 

1092 

...„ 1092 

1092 

1126 

1067,  1103 

1090 

1090 

1111 

1117 

1090 

..:« 1090 

1090 

1053,  1090 

.  1090 

1090 

1052,  1091 

1053 

1053 

1096 

1051,  1064,  1096 

1076,  1127 

1061,  1097 

1093 

1078,  1124 

1112 

1062,  1100 

1061,  1094 

1062,  1099 

1066,  1 100 

.  1112 


Gastropaeha  quercifolia .... 

Gelechia  spurcella 

vulgella 

Glossonotus  crataegi 

Gonodontis  bidentata 

Graphocephala  coccinea 

Grapholitha  janthinana.  .  .  . 
kroesmanniana . 

H 

Halisidota  caryae 

tesselaris , 

Haltica  carinata 

foliacea 

Hemaris  thysbe 

Hemerocampa  leucostigma. . 

vetusta 

Hemithea  strigata 

Hercyna  palliolalis 

Heterocampa  manteo 

Heterocordylus  malinus 

Hibernia  aurantiaria 

bajaria 

defoliaria 

leucophaearia 

marginaria 

Holcophora  fasciellus 

Horcias  dislocatus 

Hormomyia  crataegifolia.  .  .  . 

Hyphantria  textor 

Hyponomeuta  padella 


.  1124 

1126 

Ilk8 

.  1063,  1093 

1111 

.  1061,  1093 
1117 

.  1125 


1073,  1111 

1073,  1127 

1067,  1102 

1 104 

1127 

1075,  1118 

1128 

1126 

1114 

1074,  1119 

1051,  1054,  1096 

1110 

1110 

1114 

1118 

• 1119 

1115 

1051,  1095 

1082,  1129 

1073,  1127 

1121 


I 

Idiocerus  crataegi 

fitchi 

lachrymalis 

maculipennis 

pallidus 

provancheri. . . 


1094 
1061,  1095 

1061,  1095 
1095 

1062,  1098 
1062,  1098 

suturalis 1062,  1100 

Idiostethus  tubulatus 1 108 


Lamenia  vulgaris 1063,  1 100 

Lasiocampa  quercus 1124 

Lasioptera  excavata 1130 

Laspeyresia  prunivora 1051,  1078,  1123 

Lecanium  bituberculatum 1092 

capreae 1093 

corni 1065,  1093 

C9ryli 1093 

nigrof  asciatum 1097 

pruinosum 1098 

Lepidosaphes  ulmi 1065,   1 100 

Lestes  viridis 1048,   1091 

Lestodiplosis  crataegifolia 1080,   1130 

Limnobaris  calva 1102 

Limonius  dubitans 1066.   1103 

Liparis  auriflua 1 125 

Lithocolletis  betulae '. 1110 

cerisolella 1112 

concomitella 1112 

corylifoliella 1113 

crataegella 1113 

malimalifoliella 1119 

oxyacanthae 1121 

pomifolidla 1112 

prunivorella 1 1 16 

Lobopteromyia  venae 1082,  1130 

Lophopteryx  cuculla 1114 

Lycia  cognataria 1076,  1112 


INDEX 


1135 


Lyda  clypeata  
flaviventris  

PAGE 

.    1131 
1131 

Ornix  inusitatumella  

PAGE 

1117 

Orthotylus  ornatus  
Otiorrhynchus  caudatus  
crataegi  
Ovatus  mespm  

P 

Paleacrita  vernata  

1055,    1097 
1102 
1103 
1096 

1076,   1128 
1124 
1126 
1116 
1125 
1119 
1122 
1072,    1128 
1097 
10t'3     1093 

Lygidea  mendax  

1051,  1055,   1096 
1054,   1093 
1055    1097 

Lygus  communis  
ostryae 

pratensis  
univittatus 

.   1055,  1098 
1055     1100 

Lymantria  dispar 

.    1114 
1112 

M 

Macrodactylus  subspinosus 

1108 

Pamene  rhediella  
spiniana  
Pandemis  heparana  
ribeana  
Paonias  myops.  .  . 

Macrophya  punctum-album  .... 
Macrosipnum  crataegarium  
crataegi  
Magdalis  aenescens  
barbicornis 

.    1132 

.  .  '  1093 
1063,   1094 
1101 
1101 

Papilio  podalirius  
turnus  

Parlatoria  oleae 

Pemphigus  corrugatans  

cerasi  
nitidipennis  

1102 
1105 

Penthina  robrana  
Perrisia  circumdata  
crataegi  

1113 
1129 
1129 

prum  

1106 
1075    1  109 

Malacosoma  americana  .  .  . 

Phenacoccus  aceris  
betheli.  .  .  . 

1091 

disstria 

1114 
1120 

1095 
1095 
1121 
1076.   1127 
1061,   1096 
•  1117 

•                     neustria  
Melanoplus  atlanis  
bivittatus  
f  emur-rubrum  
Melanotus  sp  
Melinna  pumila 

dearnessi  
Phigalia  pedaria  
titea  
Philaenus  lineatus  

1054,   1091 
1054,   1091 
1054,   1091 
1066,   1108 
1099 

Phycita  nebulo  

Phyllobius  maculicornis  ........ 
oblongus  
Physatoeheila  dumetorum  
Pineapple  gall  (maker  unknown) 
Platysamia  cecropia  

1104 

Mesoleuca  lacustrata  
Mineola  indigenella  
Miselia  oxyacanthae  
Mycodiplosis  cerasif  olia  
Mytilaspis  pomorum  
Myzus  oxyacanthae  

N 
Nacophora  quernaria  
Nematocampa  filamentaria 

.    1117 
1077,   1117 
1121 
1129 

1105 
1095 

1085 
1111 

1100 
1097 

Poecilocampa  populi  
Polydrusus  impressifrons  
pterygomalis 

1122 
1104 
1107 
1107 

.    1124 

sericeus  
Porthesia  similis  
Priophorus  padi  
Prociphilus  crataegi  
pyri 

1125 
1132 
1094 

'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.    1122 
1131 
1091 

1118 

limbata  
Nemoria  aestivaria.  .  .  . 

1118 
1126 

Prodenia  praefica  
Profenusa  collaris  
Psallus  ambiguus  

porrinata 

1122 
1128 
1110 

viridata  
Nepticula  aterrima 

Pseudanthonomus  crataegi 

1103 

atricollis 

1110 
1114 

Pseudophia  tirhaca 

.    1127 
1093 

crataegifoliella 

Psylla  costalis  
crataegi  Schr  
crataegi  Forst  
crataegicola  Flor   . 

gratiosella  
ignobilella  
nitidella 

1116 
1117 

1094 
.    1096 
1098 

1120 

oxyacanthella  
prune  torum  

1121 
.    1123 

crataegicola  Forat  
mali  
melanoneura 

.    1096 
1049,   1096 
1096 

pygmaeella  
regiella  
scintillans  
Nola  cucullatella 

1123 
112-4 
1125 
1114 

peregrina  
saliceti  

.    1098 
1099 

Pulvinaria  betulae  
innumerabilis  
oxyacanthae  

1100 
.    1100 
1100 

Notocelia  suffusana  >  
Notodonta  cucullina  .  . 

1127 
.    .          1114 

Notolophus  antiqua  

1110 

vitis  
Pyrausta  purpuralia  

R 

Ramphus  flavicornis  
oxyacanthae  
Recurvaria  crataegella  
leucatella  
nanella  
Rhagoletis  pomonella  

1065,   1100 
1123 

.    1104 
.    1104 

0 

Oecanthus  niveus  
Olethreutes  achatana 

1048,  1091 
.    .  .        1109 

1077,   1112 

variegana  
Ophiderma  flavicephala 

1128 
1063    1095 

1120 
.    1118 
....    1051,   1120 
1059,  1085,   1130 
.    1080,   1129 
1130 
1109 
.  .  .    1097 

Ophiiisa  tirrhaea  
Opisthograptis  luteolata 

1127 
1119 

Orchestes  rufus    
Ornix  anglicetla  
cratae  Tifoliella 

.    1107 
1109 
1114 

hirta  
Rhodophaea  advenella  
Rhopalosiphum  padi  

Keminatella.  .  . 

.    1116 

1136 


INDEX 


Rhopalosiphum  prunifoliae 

Rhopobota  naevana 

Rhynchites  aeneovirens  var.  punctatus. 

aequatus 

auratus 

bacchus  Linn 

bacchus  Oliv 

coeruleocephalus 

comatus.  .  .  . 

conicus.  .  .  . 

cyanicolor.  . 

giganteus. . . 

icosandriae. 

olivaceus. .  . 

ophthalmicus. 

pauxillus. .  . 

pubescens. . 

sericeus. .  .  . 

Rosalia  alpina : 

Hunt  in  crataeaatz 


8 


1065, 


PAGE 

1098 
1120 
1100 
1101 
1101 
1101 
1101 
1102 
1105 
1104 
1107 
1104 
1104 
1105 
1108 
1105 
1107 
1108 
1101 
1119 


Saperda  bivittata  

11C2 

Candida  

1102 

cretata  

1103 

f  avi  

1103 

Sawfly  No.  1  

1086, 

1132 

Sawfly  No.  2  
Sawfly  No.  3  

.    1086. 
1086, 

1132 
1132 

Sawfly  No.  4  

1087, 

1132 

Schizoneura  americana  
Schizura  concinna  

..'..'.'.'.   1074, 

1096 
1112 

umcorms  

1128 

Scythropia  crataegella  

1113 

Selenia  lunaria  

1118 

Sesia  pyri  
scitula  

..'.'.'.'.'.   1076', 

1124 
1125 

Sibine  stimulea  

1126 

Simaethis  f  abriciana  

1115 

pariana  

1051, 

1121 

Sphecodina  abbotti  
Steganoptycha  signatana  

1108 
1125 

Strymon  calanus 1111 

liparops } 

melinus 1 

Swammerdamia  lutarea 1 1 18 

oxyacanthella 1 1 18 

Syneta  albida 1101 


PAGE 

Syntomaspis  druoarum 1131 

Systena  marginalis 1067,   1105 


Tachypterus  quadrigibbus 1072,  1107 

Taeniocampa  gothica 1116 

incerta 1117 

instabtiis 1117 

Telea  polyphemus 1122 

Tephroclystia  vulgata 1 128 

Tetraneura  ulmi 1100 

Tetranychus  pilosus 1090 

telarius 1051,  1091 

Thamnotettix  clitellarius 1061,  1092 

Thecla  falacer". 1111 

Thyridopteryx  ephemeraeformis 1115 

Tinea  oxyacanthella 1115 

Tischeria  malifoliella 1 119 

Tmetpcera  ocellana. .  . .      1078,  1120 

Tortrix  incisana   1117 

laevigana 1125 

Trichiosoma  betuleti 1131 

tibialis 1131 

Trichiura  crataegi Iil4 

Trichosea  ludifica 1 1 18 

Trioza  urticae ' 1 100 

Triph9sa  dubitata 11 15 

Trochilium  myopiforme 1119 

Typhlocyba  crataegi 1094 

Tymnes  metasternalis 1105 


Valeria  oleagina . 


Winnertzia  hudsonici .  .  . 


\V 


Xanthonia  villosula 

Xylotrechus  convergeus 


Yponomeuta  cognatellus .  . 
padellus 


.  1121 


1130 


1067,  1108 
.  1102 


...  1112 
1051,  1121 


Zeuzera  aesculi . . . 
pyrina. .  . 


1124 
1124 


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